Chapter 18: Pain, Anesthesia, and Drug Therapy

Question 1

Pain (KHR)

Answer 1

Physically or emotionally sensed discomfort that is or may be associated with acute tissue damage or a sensory system malfunction.

Question 2

Nociceptive pain (KHR)

Answer 2

Pain perceived when tissue is damaged.
Somatic: relates to skin, muscles, and bones.
Visceral: relates to the organs.

Question 3

Inflammatory pain (KHR)

Answer 3

A type of nociceptive pain; stems from the release of proinflammatory neurotransmitters (histamine, prostaglandins, etc.).

Question 4

Neuropathic pain (KHR)

Answer 4

Abnormal pain signaling due to overactive nerve fibers.

Question 5

Centralized pain (KHR)

Answer 5

Pain that occurs when the central nervous system does not process pain signals properly.

Question 6

Acute pain (KHR)

Answer 6

Associated with trauma or surgery; usually treatable.

Question 7

Chronic nonmalignant pain (KHR)

Answer 7

Pain that lasts for more than twelve weeks and may or may not have a diagnosed cause.

Question 8

Chronic malignant pain (KHR)

Answer 8

Pain that accompanies malignant disease and often increases in severity as the disease progresses.

Question 9

Background pain (KHR)

Answer 9

A term used to describe a constant level of pain.

Question 10

Breakthrough pain (KHR)

Answer 10

Describes pain of great intensity that appears intermittently.

Question 11

Provoked pain (KHR)

Answer 11

Pain with a clear cause; more intense than background pain.

Question 12

Analgesic (KHR)

Answer 12

A drug that alleviates or reduces pain.

Question 13

Opioid (KHR)

Answer 13

A substance, whether a drug or a chemical naturally produced by the body, that acts on opioid receptors to reduce the sensation of pain; also known as a narcotic.

Question 14

Opiate (KHR)

Answer 14

Any of the naturally occurring opioid analgesics, such as morphine or codeine, from the poppy flower Papaver somniferum.

Question 15

Sedation (KHR)

Answer 15

A state of eased anxiety and drowsiness that can typically be induced by opioids.

Question 16

Euphoria (KHR)

Answer 16

Feelings of well-being.

Question 17

Dysphoria (KHR)

Answer 17

A state of feeling unwell or unhappy.

Question 18

Equianalgesic dose (KHR)

Answer 18

A dose that offers an equal amount of analgesia.

Question 19

Patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) pump (KHR)

Answer 19

A means of pain control whereby the patient can regulate, within certain limits, the amount of drug received.

Question 20

Opioid use disorder (KHR)

Answer 20

A condition that can occur with long-term use of an opioid analgesic; characterized by persistent desire to use opioids, interference with relationships and other life activities, and the need to increase doses to receive the same effects.

Question 21

Opioid toxicity (KHR)

Answer 21

Results in slow breathing, absence of breathing, deep sedation, lack of response, or a combination of these effects.

Question 22

Anesthesia (KHR)

Answer 22

An intervention that causes loss of feeling in all or part of the body by manipulating the nervous system to inhibit pain or the conscious perception of pain.

Question 23

General anesthesia (KHR)

Answer 23

Anesthesia that causes reversible unconsciousness and absence of response to otherwise painful stimuli; during general anesthesia, the patient is unconscious.

Question 24

Neuraxial anesthesia (KHR)

Answer 24

A type of anesthesia that blocks sensation through the injection of an agent into a nerve in the CNS without making the patient unconscious.

Question 25

Local anesthesia (KHR)

Answer 25

The production of a transient and reversible loss of sensation in a defined area of the body without altering alertness or mental function.

Question 26

Anesthesiologist (KHR)

Answer 26

A physician who oversees administration of anesthesia during surgery.

Question 27

Hypervolemia (KHR)

Answer 27

Excessive blood volume in the body.

Question 28

Barbiturate (KHR)

Answer 28

One of a class of CNS depressants that also act as antianxiety, hypnotic, and anticonvulsant agents.

Question 29

Benzodiazepine (KHR)

Answer 29

One of a class of drugs that act as sedative, hypnotic, antianxiety, and anticonvulsant agents.

Question 30

Neuromuscular blocking agents (KHR)

Answer 30

An agent that paralyzes the patient's skeletal muscle.

Question 31

Endotracheal intubation (KHR)

Answer 31

The insertion of a tube into the trachea to keep it open and deliver oxygen and general anesthesia directly to the lungs.

Question 32

Anticholinesterase agents (KHR)

Answer 32

One of a class of drugs that potentiate the action of acetylcholine by inhibiting the enzyme acetylcholinesterase, which breaks down acetylcholine.

Question 33

Malignant hyperthermia (KHR)

Answer 33

A sudden and rapid rise in body temperature, irregularities in heart rhythm and breathing; a serious side effect of anesthesia.

Question 34

Ester (KHR)

Answer 34

One of a class of short-acting local anesthetics metabolized in plasma and tissue fluids.

Question 35

Amide (KHR)

Answer 35

A longer-acting local anesthetic that is metabolized by liver enzymes.

Question 36

MIgraine (KHR)

Answer 36

A moderate to severe, throbbing, unilateral headache, often accompanied by nausea, photophobia, phonophobia, or hyperesthesia.

Question 37

Aura (KHR)

Answer 37

An unusual sensation, such as one of light, sound, or taste, occurring at the onset of a seizure or other neurological condition, such as migraine.

Question 38

5HT agonists (KHR)

Answer 38

Describes a drug that binds to serotonin receptors and causes dilatation of blood vessels in the dura mater, preventing inflammation, and reducing pain signal transmission; also known as triptans.

Question 39

Ergot (KHR)

Answer 39

A group of fungi from which is derived the alkaloid ergotamine, which is used in the treatment of migraines.

Question 40

CGRP receptor antagonist (KHR)

Answer 40

A member of the drug class that works by blocking activation of the trigeminal pain pathways.

Question 41

Caffeine (KHR)

Answer 41

A CNS stimulant used in combination with other analgesics to treat headache.

Question 42

Capsaicin (KHR)

Answer 42

Chemical derived from cayenne peppers; used as a topical treatment for pain.

Question 43

Feverfew (KHR)

Answer 43

Plant product used orally for migraine pain.

Question 44

Butterbur (KHR)

Answer 44

Herbal product; thought to prevent migraines.