Chapter 18 - Social Psychology Flashcards
(35 cards)
social psychology
the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another
attribution theory
the theory that we tend to give a casual explanation for someone’s behavior, often by crediting either the situation or the person’s disposition
fundamental attribution error
the tendency for observers, when analyzing another’s behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition
attitude
a belief and feeling that predisposes one to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events
foot-in-the-door phenomenon
the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request
cognitive dissonance theory
the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent
for example, when our awareness of our attitudes and of our actions clash, we can reduce the resulting dissonance by changing our attitudes
conformity
adjusting one’s behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard
normative social influence
influence resulting from a person’s desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval
informational social influence
influence resulting from one’s willingness to accept others’ opinions about reality
social facilitation
improved performance of tasks in the presence of others; occurs with simple or well-learned tasks but not with tasks that are difficult or not yet mastered
social loafing
the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable
deindividuation
the loss of self-awareness and self-restrain occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity
group polarization
the enhancement of a group’s prevailing attitudes through discussion within the group
groupthink
the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives
prejudice
an unjustifiable (and usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members prejudice generally involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory action
stereotype
a generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people
ingroup
“us” –> people with whom one shares a common identity
outgroup
“us” –> people with whom one shares a common identity
ingroup bias
the tendency to favor one’s own group
scapegoat theory
the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame
just-world phenomenon
the tendency of people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get wheat they deserve and deserve what they get
aggression
any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy
frustration-aggression principle
the principle that frustration – the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal – creates anger, which can generate aggression
conflict
a perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas
