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bio > Chapter 18 Study Questions > Flashcards

Chapter 18 Study Questions Flashcards

1
Q
  1. In adult organisms, cell death must be balanced by cell
    a. growth.
    b. differentiation.
    c. renewal.
    d. migration.
    e. All of the above
A

c. renewal.

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2
Q

necrosis.
b. sepsis.
c. apoptosis.
d. execution.
e. lysis.

A

e. lysis.

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3
Q

Which of the following events is not part of apoptosis?

a. Fragmenting of chromosomal DNA
b. Fragmenting of the nucleus
c. Fragmenting of the cell
d. Lysis of cell fragments and release of their contents
e. All of the above are part of apoptosis.

A

d. Lysis of cell fragments and release of their contents

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4
Q

. Cells that die as the result of acute injury undergo

a. lysis.
b. sepsis.
c. apoptosis.
d. execution.
e. narcolepsy

A

a. lysis.

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5
Q

. Apoptotic cells produce “eat me” signals, which include _______ of cell surface _______.

a. loss; carbohydrates
b. loss; phosphatidylserines
c. gain; phosphatidylserines
d. gain; phosphatidylethanolamines
e. gain; carbohydrates

A

c. gain; phosphatidylserines

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6
Q

The gene ced-3 of C. elegans codes for a proteolytic enzyme that is a(n)

a. serine protease.
b. chymotrypsin.
c. ubiquitin-targeted protease.
d. caspase.
e. calcium-activated protease.

A

d. caspase.

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7
Q

Ced-9 functions directly to _______ Ced- _______.

a. inhibit; 3
b. inhibit; 4
c. stimulate; 3
d. stimulate; 4
e. stimulate; 6

A

b. inhibit; 4

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8
Q

An apoptosome is a complex containing multiple subunits of

a. Apaf-1.
b. Apaf-1 and caspase-9.
c. Apaf-1 and caspase-3.
d. Apaf-1, caspase-9, and cytochrome c.
e. Apaf-1, caspase-9, cytochrome c, and caspase-3

A

d. Apaf-1, caspase-9, and cytochrome c.

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9
Q

. Effector caspases cleave

a. nuclear lamins.
b. cytoskeletal proteins.
c. DNase inhibitor.
d. only other caspases.
e. a, b, and c

A

e. a, b, and c

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10
Q
  1. Many stimuli that trigger cell death release the molecule _______ from mitochondria to bind to Apaf-1.

a. ATP synthase
b. citric acid
c. ubiquinone
d. cytochrome c
e. succinate

A

d. cytochrome c

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11
Q

. Members of the Bcl-2 family of proteins are

a. all caspases.
b. all proapoptotic.
c. all antiapoptotic.
d. either antiapoptotic or proapoptotic.
e. neither antiapoptotic nor proapoptotic

A

d. either antiapoptotic or proapoptotic.

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12
Q
  1. Bax and Bak act by
    a. interacting with Apaf-1 to initiate a proapoptotic signal.
    b. interacting with Ced-9 to initiate a proapoptotic signal.
    c. forming oligomers in the mitochondrial outer membrane that release cytochrome c.
    d. interacting with Apaf-1 to block an apoptotic signal.
    e. interacting with caspase-9 to form an apoptosome.
A

c. forming oligomers in the mitochondrial outer membrane that release cytochrome c.

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13
Q

The key protein in “deciding” whether a cell with DNA damage should delay its cell cycle or undergo apoptosis is

a. Akt.
b. pRB.
c. p53.
d. p15.
e. mTOR.

A

c. p53.

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14
Q

A major pathway that signals cell survival and inhibits cell death is the _______ pathway.

a. PI 3-kinase/Akt
b. Hedgehog
c. TNF
d. Wnt
e. BH3

A

a. PI 3-kinase/Akt

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15
Q

. Which of the following is phosphorylated by Akt?

a. Bad
b. p53
c. FOXO
d. All of the above
e. None of the above

A

d. All of the above

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16
Q

. Most cells in adult animals are in the _______ stage of the cell cycle.

a. G1
b. G2
c. S
d. G0
e. M

A

d. G0

17
Q

Fibroblasts are stimulated to exit G0 and proliferate by _______ growth factor.

a. fibroblast
b. platelet-derived
c. epithelial
d. stem cell
e. epidermal

A

b. platelet-derived

18
Q 
Which of the following adult cell types is arrested in G0? 
a.	Fibroblasts 
b.	Endothelial cells 
c.	Liver cells 
d.	All of the above 
e.	None of the above 
Textbook Reference
A

d. All of the above

Note liver is the only only one that stays unless surgery

19
Q

. VEGF is secreted by

a. platelets.
b. injured endothelial cells.
c. injured smooth muscle cells.
d. cells deprived of oxygen.
e. cells deprived of VEGF

A

d. cells deprived of oxygen.

20
Q

. Hematopoietic stem cells can give rise to

a. erythrocytes.
b. erythrocytes and lymphocytes.
c. all blood cells and macrophages.
d. all blood cells, macrophages, and skin cells.
e. all blood cells, macrophages, skin cells, and lung cells

A

c. all blood cells and macrophages

21
Q

. Intestinal epithelial stem cells are located _______ the crypt.

a. at the top of
b. at the bottom of
c. at the sides of
d. throughout
e. next to but are not part of

A

b. at the bottom of

22
Q

When stem cells of the intestinal epithelium and epidermis divide, they give rise to two different cells: one stem cell and one _______ cell.

a. goblet
b. crypt
c. G0
d. transit-amplifying
e. enteroendocrine

A

d. transit-amplifying

23
Q

The stem cells of skeletal muscle are called

a. myoblasts.
b. myocytes.
c. satellite cells.
d. myo-stem cells.
e. No stem cells are found in skeletal muscle

A

c. satellite cells.

24
Q
  1. Mammalian embryonic stem cells are cultured from cells taken from
    a. the 4-cell embryo.
    b. the inner cell mass.
    c. trophoblast cells.
    d. amnion cells.
    e. chorion cells.
A

b. the inner cell mass.

25
Q

Mouse embryonic stem cells can proliferate but remain undifferentiated in the presence of a growth factor called

a. Dif.
b. LIF.
c. EGF.
d. Wnt.
e. Scf.

A

b. LIF.

26
Q

. Which of the following events occurs during apoptosis?

a. Chromosomal DNA is fragmented.
b. Chromatin condenses.
c. The cell nucleus breaks up.
d. All of the above

A

d. All of the above

27
Q

Which of the following statements about caspases is false?

a. They cleave target proteins after aspartic acid residues.
b. They inhibit DNAse which, when activated, fragments nuclear DNA.
c. They predominantly break up Golgi membranes, which in turn release other caspases to cleave nuclear lamins and cytoskeleton proteins.
d. They contain cysteine residues in the active site.

A

c. They predominantly break up Golgi membranes, which in turn release other caspases to cleave nuclear lamins and cytoskeleton proteins.

28
Q

Which of the following statements is true in reference to Bax and Bak, two members of the Bcl-2 family?

a. Bax and Bak are antiapoptotic proteins that function to repress apoptosis in cells.
b. Bax and Bak act as ligands to the apoptosome in activation caspases.
c. When activated, Bax and Bak form oligomers in the outer membrane of mitochondria, leading to the release of cytochrome c.
d. Bax and Bak directly activate caspase-9.

A

When activated, Bax and Bak form oligomers in the outer membrane of mitochondria, leading to the release of cytochrome c.

29
Q

The following is a cascade of signal transduction initiating with double-stranded DNA damage and ending with activation of apoptosis by the BH3-only proteins PUMA and
Noxa. What protein is missing in the blank? Double-strand DNA damage; Chk2; _______; PUMA/Noxa; Apoptosis
a. Apaf-1
b. p53
c. Chk1
d. Bax

A

b. p53

30
Q

The PI 3-kinase pathway is important in countering apoptosis in healthy cells and promotes cell survival. Which of the following statements about the PI 3-kinase pathway is false?

a. PI 3-kinase is activated by a receptor tyrosine kinase.
b. PIP3 activates Akt, a serine/threonine kinase.
c. Activated Akt phosphorylates and activates Bad.
d. PI 3-kinase phosphorylates PIP2 to form PIP3

A

c. Activated Akt phosphorylates and activates Bad.

31
Q

. TNF and related cytokines can directly induce apoptosis. Which of the following statements about TNF-mediated induction of apoptosis is true?

a. TNF binds a trimeric receptor complex on the surface of the cell membrane.
b. Upon receptor binding, caspase-8 is activated through an adaptor protein.
c. Caspase-8 activates Bid, which in turn activates Bax and Bak and then feeds into the mitochondrial pathway.
d. d. All of the above

A

d. d. All of the above

32
Q

Some differentiated cells retain the ability to proliferate as needed to repair damaged tissue throughout the life of the organism. Which of the following cell types do not retain this unique ability?

a. Fibroblasts
b. Neurons
c. Endothelial cells
d. Epithelial cells

A

b. Neurons

33
Q

In reference to stem cells, which of the following statements is false?

a. Stem cells divide to form one daughter cell that remains a stem cell and a second cell that proliferates and then differentiates.
b. Stem cells are a subpopulation of less differentiated self-renewing cells present in most adult tissues.
c. Stem cells in organs can only differentiate into the tissue in which they are located.
d. Stem cells in tissues are typically found in G0, unless called on to differentiate.

A

c. Stem cells in organs can only differentiate into the tissue in which they are located.

34
Q

Which of the following represents a viable source of stem cells?

a. Umbilical cord blood only
b. Bone marrow only
c. An embryo only
d. All of the above

A

d. All of the above

35
Q

Which of the following cells cannot develop from hematopoietic stem cells?

a. Macrophages
b. Platelets
c. B lymphocytes
d. Satellite cells

A

d. Satellite cells

36
Q

Bone marrow transplants are used to treat patients with which of the following diseases?

a. Aplastic anemia
b. Hemoglobin disorders
c. Immune deficiencies
d. All of the above

A

d. All of the above

37
Q

Which of the following stem cells have the capacity to give rise to all the differentiated cell types of adult organisms?

a. Embryonic stem cells
b. Endothelial cells
c. Satellite cells
d. Epithelial cells

A

a. Embryonic stem cells

38
Q

. Murine embryonic stem cells are grown in the presence of a growth factor. What growth factor is generally used for this?

a. VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor)
b. LIF (leukemia inhibitory factor)
c. PDGF (platelet-derived growth factor)
d. EGF (epidermal growth factor)

A

b. LIF (leukemia inhibitory factor)

39
Q

. Which of the following statements about cloning by somatic cell nuclear transfer is false?

a. The nucleus of an adult somatic cell is transferred to an enucleated unfertilized egg.
b. Somatic cell nuclear transfer was first carried out in frogs in the 1950s.
c. In the laboratory, the cloned egg is cultured to an early embryo stage and then transferred to a foster mother.
d. The cloned embryo is genetically identical to the foster mother

A

d. The cloned embryo is genetically identical to the foster mother.

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