With more than a million species– nearly three-quarters of all animal species– these are exemplars of animal diversity.
Insects
What characteristics make up an animal? (3)
- Eukaryotes
- Multi cellular heterotrophs, and have cells that lack cell walls.
- Use ingestion (the eating of food)
Absorbs nutrients after ingesting food outside their body?
Fungi
What does diploid mean?
Full set of chromosomes
What does haploid mean?
1/2 set of chromosomes
Are eggs and sperm haploid or diploid?
haploid
The zygote divides by mitosis to form a hallow ball of cells called a ________
Blastula
What is formed when sperm and egg fuse during fertilization?
Zygote
One side of the blastula folds in and cells become rearranged to form a _______ that establishes three embryonic layers.
Gastrula
What are the 3 embryonic layers?
- Endoderm
- Ectoderm
- Mesoderm
Embryonic layer that forms a lining of the future digestive tract.
Endoderm
Embryonic layer that forms an outer layer that will give rise to the skin and nervous system.
Ectoderm
Embryonic layer that forms a middle layer that will give rise to muscles and most internal organs.
Mesoderm
Invagination of ectoderm to form CNS. (makes a tube)
Neuralation
An immature individual that looks different from the adult animal.
Larva
A larva undergoes a major change in body form, called ____________, and becomes a reproductively mature adult.
Metamorphosis
Acceleration of animal diversification during the Cambrian period.
Cambrian explosion
The most celebrated source of Cambrian fossils is the _____ ______, containing a cornucopia of perfectly preserved animal fossils.
Burgess Shale
What may have caused the Cambrian explosion? (2)
- Increasing complex predator-prey relationships or
- An increase in atmospheric oxygen.
Animals with a backbone.
Vertebrates
Animals without a backbone.
Invertebrates
Roughly what percent of animals are invertebrates?
96%
Animals without true tissues.
Sponges
Animals with true tissues.
Eumetazoans
Animals with three tissue layers and bilateral symmetry.
Bilaterians
Body plans and molecular comparisons of animals can be used to build what?
Phylogenetic trees
Phylum Porifera
Sponges
Simple animals
Do not have true tissues
Usually lack body symmetry, and
Are usually marine, although some are found in fresh water.
Sponges
The body of a sponge consists of two layers of cells separated by a gelatinous region.
Choanocytes
Amoebocytes
Helps to sweep water through the sponges body.
Choanocytes
Wander through the middle body of the sponge and produce skeletal fibers composed of flexible proteins and mineralized particles called spicules.
Amoebocytes
Filtering food particles from water passed through food-trapping equipment.
Suspension feeders
Are sponges suspension feeders?
Yes
Radial animals with tentacles and stinging cells.
Cnidarians.
Functions in digestion, in circulaion and as a hydrostatic skeleton.
Gastrovascular cavity
Unique stinging cells that capture prey and function in defense.
Cnidocytes
The simplest bilaterians.
Flat worms
Have 3 tissue layers but lack a body cavity.
Flat worms
Live in marine, freshwater, and damp terrestrial habitats
Flat worms
Can be parasitic or free living.
Flat worms
What are the 3 major groups of flat worms?
- Free-living Flatworms
- Flukes
- Tapeworms
Planarians
Free-living Flat worms
Platyhelminthes
Flat worms
- Have heads with light sensitive eyecups.
- Flaps to detect chemicals.
- Dense clusters of nerve cells that form a simple brain and a pair o nerve cords that run the length of the body.
- A branched gastrovascular cavity with a single opening.
Free-living flat worms.
Are parasitic flatworms with complex life cycles; many have suckers to attach to their hosts.
Flukes
-Are parasitic
-Inhabit the digestive tracts of vertebrates.
Consist of a ribbon like body with repeated units.
-No mouth.
-Simply absorb nutrients across their body surface.
Tapeworms
Also called roundworms, are abundant and diverse.
Nematodes
Have a body cavity and complete digestive tract.
Nematodes
Phylum Nematoda
Nematodes
Part of the molluscs that functions in locomotion.
Foot
Part of the molluscs containing most of the internal organs.
Visceral mass
Do molluscs have a circulatory system?
Yes
How do molluscs feed?
Using a rasping radula, used to scrape up food.
Are the largest group of molluscs and included snails and slugs.
Gastropods
Include clams, oysters, musscles, and scallops.
Bivalves
Includes squids, octopuses, and nautiluses. Fast agile predators.
Cephalopods
phylum annelida
Annelids
Segmented worms
Annelids
The subdivision of the body along its length into a series of repeated parts.
Segmentation
Are segmented. Have nervous system, and a closed circulatory system.
Annelids.
Blood is pumped through vessels into open body cavities.
Open circulatory system.
Blood remains enclosed in vessels throughout the body.
Closed circulatory system.
3 groups of annelids.
Earthworms
Polychaetes
Leeches
Largest group of annelids. Search for prey on the seafloor or live in tubes and filter food particles.
Polychaetes
Include crayfish, lobsters, crabs, barnacles, spiders, ticks, and insects.
Arthropods.
Nearly 75% of ll identified animal species are ________.
Insects.
Free living larva transforms from pupa into an adult.
Complete metamorphosis
The transition from larva to adult is achieved through multiple molts, but without forming a pupa.
Incomplete metamorphosis
Diverse group including sea stars, sand dollars, and sea urchins.
Enchinoderms
Do enchinoderms have an exoskeleton or endoskeleton?
Endoskeleton.
Hard calcium-containing plates under a thin skin.
endoskeleton.
Have the ability to regenerate lost arms.
Enchinoderms
Defined by
- a dorsal, hollow nerve cord
- a flexible supportive, longitudinal rod, the notochord,
- pharygeal slits
- a muscular post anal tail.
Chordates
Adult tunicates are…..
Stationary and attached.
Tunicate larva is a ______ like organism.
tadpole
Small, bladelike chrdates that live in marine sands.
Lancelets