Chapter 18 The Evolution of Invertebrate Diversity

Question 1

With more than a million species– nearly three-quarters of all animal species– these are exemplars of animal diversity.

Answer 1

Insects

Question 2

What characteristics make up an animal? (3)

Answer 2

• Eukaryotes
• Multi cellular heterotrophs, and have cells that lack cell walls.
• Use ingestion (the eating of food)

Question 3

Absorbs nutrients after ingesting food outside their body?

Answer 3

Fungi

Question 4

What does diploid mean?

Answer 4

Full set of chromosomes

Question 5

What does haploid mean?

Answer 5

1/2 set of chromosomes

Question 6

Are eggs and sperm haploid or diploid?

Answer 6

haploid

Question 7

The zygote divides by mitosis to form a hallow ball of cells called a ________

Answer 7

Blastula

Question 8

What is formed when sperm and egg fuse during fertilization?

Answer 8

Zygote

Question 9

One side of the blastula folds in and cells become rearranged to form a _______ that establishes three embryonic layers.

Answer 9

Gastrula

Question 10

What are the 3 embryonic layers?

Answer 10

• Endoderm
• Ectoderm
• Mesoderm

Question 11

Embryonic layer that forms a lining of the future digestive tract.

Answer 11

Endoderm

Question 12

Embryonic layer that forms an outer layer that will give rise to the skin and nervous system.

Answer 12

Ectoderm

Question 13

Embryonic layer that forms a middle layer that will give rise to muscles and most internal organs.

Answer 13

Mesoderm

Question 14

Invagination of ectoderm to form CNS. (makes a tube)

Answer 14

Neuralation

Question 15

An immature individual that looks different from the adult animal.

Answer 15

Larva

Question 16

A larva undergoes a major change in body form, called ____________, and becomes a reproductively mature adult.

Answer 16

Metamorphosis

Question 17

Acceleration of animal diversification during the Cambrian period.

Answer 17

Cambrian explosion

Question 18

The most celebrated source of Cambrian fossils is the _____ ______, containing a cornucopia of perfectly preserved animal fossils.

Answer 18

Burgess Shale

Question 19

What may have caused the Cambrian explosion? (2)

Answer 19

• Increasing complex predator-prey relationships or

- An increase in atmospheric oxygen.

Question 20

Animals with a backbone.

Answer 20

Vertebrates

Question 21

Animals without a backbone.

Answer 21

Invertebrates

Question 22

Roughly what percent of animals are invertebrates?

Answer 22

96%

Question 23

Animals without true tissues.

Answer 23

Sponges

Question 24

Animals with true tissues.

Answer 24

Eumetazoans

Question 25

Animals with three tissue layers and bilateral symmetry.

Answer 25

Bilaterians

Question 26

Body plans and molecular comparisons of animals can be used to build what?

Answer 26

Phylogenetic trees

Question 27

Phylum Porifera

Answer 27

Sponges

Question 28

Simple animals Do not have true tissues Usually lack body symmetry, and Are usually marine, although some are found in fresh water.

Answer 28

Sponges

Question 29

The body of a sponge consists of two layers of cells separated by a gelatinous region.

Answer 29

Choanocytes | Amoebocytes

Question 30

Helps to sweep water through the sponges body.

Answer 30

Choanocytes

Question 31

Wander through the middle body of the sponge and produce skeletal fibers composed of flexible proteins and mineralized particles called spicules.

Answer 31

Amoebocytes

Question 32

Filtering food particles from water passed through food-trapping equipment.

Answer 32

Suspension feeders

Question 33

Are sponges suspension feeders?

Answer 33

Yes

Question 34

Radial animals with tentacles and stinging cells.

Answer 34

Cnidarians.

Question 35

Functions in digestion, in circulaion and as a hydrostatic skeleton.

Answer 35

Gastrovascular cavity

Question 36

Unique stinging cells that capture prey and function in defense.

Answer 36

Cnidocytes

Question 37

The simplest bilaterians.

Answer 37

Flat worms

Question 38

Have 3 tissue layers but lack a body cavity.

Answer 38

Flat worms

Question 39

Live in marine, freshwater, and damp terrestrial habitats

Answer 39

Flat worms

Question 40

Can be parasitic or free living.

Answer 40

Flat worms

Question 41

What are the 3 major groups of flat worms?

Answer 41

- Free-living Flatworms - Flukes - Tapeworms

Question 42

Planarians

Answer 42

Free-living Flat worms

Question 43

Platyhelminthes

Answer 43

Flat worms

Question 44

- Have heads with light sensitive eyecups. - Flaps to detect chemicals. - Dense clusters of nerve cells that form a simple brain and a pair o nerve cords that run the length of the body. - A branched gastrovascular cavity with a single opening.

Answer 44

Free-living flat worms.

Question 45

Are parasitic flatworms with complex life cycles; many have suckers to attach to their hosts.

Answer 45

Flukes

Question 46

-Are parasitic -Inhabit the digestive tracts of vertebrates. Consist of a ribbon like body with repeated units. -No mouth. -Simply absorb nutrients across their body surface.

Answer 46

Tapeworms

Question 47

Also called roundworms, are abundant and diverse.

Answer 47

Nematodes

Question 48

Have a body cavity and complete digestive tract.

Answer 48

Nematodes

Question 49

Phylum Nematoda

Answer 49

Nematodes

Question 50

Part of the molluscs that functions in locomotion.

Answer 50

Foot

Question 51

Part of the molluscs containing most of the internal organs.

Answer 51

Visceral mass

Question 52

Do molluscs have a circulatory system?

Answer 52

Yes

Question 53

How do molluscs feed?

Answer 53

Using a rasping radula, used to scrape up food.

Question 54

Are the largest group of molluscs and included snails and slugs.

Answer 54

Gastropods

Question 55

Include clams, oysters, musscles, and scallops.

Answer 55

Bivalves

Question 56

Includes squids, octopuses, and nautiluses. Fast agile predators.

Answer 56

Cephalopods

Question 57

phylum annelida

Answer 57

Annelids

Question 58

Segmented worms

Answer 58

Annelids

Question 59

The subdivision of the body along its length into a series of repeated parts.

Answer 59

Segmentation

Question 60

Are segmented. Have nervous system, and a closed circulatory system.

Answer 60

Annelids.

Question 61

Blood is pumped through vessels into open body cavities.

Answer 61

Open circulatory system.

Question 62

Blood remains enclosed in vessels throughout the body.

Answer 62

Closed circulatory system.

Question 63

3 groups of annelids.

Answer 63

Earthworms Polychaetes Leeches

Question 64

Largest group of annelids. Search for prey on the seafloor or live in tubes and filter food particles.

Answer 64

Polychaetes

Question 65

Include crayfish, lobsters, crabs, barnacles, spiders, ticks, and insects.

Answer 65

Arthropods.

Question 66

Nearly 75% of ll identified animal species are ________.

Answer 66

Insects.

Question 67

Free living larva transforms from pupa into an adult.

Answer 67

Complete metamorphosis

Question 68

The transition from larva to adult is achieved through multiple molts, but without forming a pupa.

Answer 68

Incomplete metamorphosis

Question 69

Diverse group including sea stars, sand dollars, and sea urchins.

Answer 69

Enchinoderms

Question 70

Do enchinoderms have an exoskeleton or endoskeleton?

Answer 70

Endoskeleton.

Question 71

Hard calcium-containing plates under a thin skin.

Answer 71

endoskeleton.

Question 72

Have the ability to regenerate lost arms.

Answer 72

Enchinoderms

Question 73

Defined by - a dorsal, hollow nerve cord - a flexible supportive, longitudinal rod, the notochord, - pharygeal slits - a muscular post anal tail.

Answer 73

Chordates

Question 74

Adult tunicates are.....

Answer 74

Stationary and attached.

Question 75

Tunicate larva is a ______ like organism.

Answer 75

tadpole

Question 76

Small, bladelike chrdates that live in marine sands.

Answer 76

Lancelets