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BIOL 1221 MIDTERM 1 REVIEW > CHAPTER 18: THE HEART > Flashcards

CHAPTER 18: THE HEART Flashcards

1
Q

FUNCTION OF THE SUPERIOR AND INFERIOR VENA CAVA

A

Superior vena cava: is a great vessel, receives deoxygenated blood from superior part of the body (diaphragm and up)

Inferior vena cava: is a great vessel, receives deoxygenated blood from inferior part of the body (diaphragm and below)

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2
Q

FUNCTION OF THE LEFT AND RIGHT ATRIUM (AND FOSSA OVALIS)

A

Right atrium: receives deoxygenated blood from inferior and superior vena cava.
- Fossa ovalis: remnant of foramen ovale (opening between 2 atria in fetal heart)

Left atrium: receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins

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3
Q

FUNCTION OF THE LEFT AND RIGHT VENTRICLES

A

Right ventricle: receives blood from the right atrium and pumps it into the pulmonary trunk

Left ventricle: receives oxygenated blood from the left atrium and pumps into the aorta

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4
Q

FUNCTION OF THE AORTA

A

Aorta: delivers oxygenated blood to the systemic circuit

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5
Q

FUNCTION OF TRICUSPID VALVE AND WHERE IT’S LOCATED

A

Tricuspid valve (right atrioventricular valve): separates the right atrium and ventricle

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6
Q

FUNCTION OF THE MITRAL (BICUSPID) VALVE AND WHERE IT’S LOCATED

A

Mitral (bicuspid/ left atrioventricular valve): separates the left atrium and ventricle

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7
Q

FUNCTION OF THE PULMONARY VALVE AND WHERE IT’S LOCATED

A

Pulmonary valve (right semilunar valve): valve between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk

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8
Q

FUNCTION OF THE AORTIC VALVE AND WHERE IT’S LOCATED

A

Aortic valve: separates the aorta and the left ventricle

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9
Q

FUNCTION OF THE PULMONARY TRUNK

A

Pulmonary trunk: receives blood from right ventricle, separates into left and right pulmonary arteries

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10
Q

FUNCTION OF THE PULMONARY ARTERIES

A

Pulmonary arteries: deliver deoxygenated blood to the lungs

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11
Q

FUNCTION OF THE PULMONARY VEINS

A

Pulmonary veins: brings oxygenated blood back to the heart into left atrium

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12
Q

FUNCTION OF THE PAPILLARY MUSCLES

A

keep the AV valves in a closed position to prevent backflow.

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13
Q

FUNCTION OF THE AURICLES

A

Auricles: are little flaps that increase atrial volume

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14
Q

WHAT IS THE APEX AND WHERE IS IT LOCATED

A

the bottom pointy part of the heart that points towards the left hip. Is where the apical pulse is felt.

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15
Q

WHAT IS THE BASE AND WHERE IS IT LOCATED

A

Base: points towards right shoulder.

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16
Q

FUNCTION OF THE CORONARY SINUS

A

Coronary sinus: receives blood from coronary vessels.

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17
Q

FUNCTION OF THE CORONARY SULCUS

A

Coronary sulcus: groove in the heart where the coronary arteries are located.

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18
Q

NAME THE 2 COVERINGS OF THE HEART AND THEIR FUNCTIONS. BE SURE TO INCLUDE THE CAVITY.

A

1) Fibrous pericardium: functions to protect, anchor the heart to surrounding structures, and prevent overfilling

2) Serous pericardium: split into 2 layers
- Parietal layer: lines the internal surface of the fibrous pericardium
- Visceral layer: lines the external surface of the heart (is also the epicardium)

Pericardial cavity: splits parietal and visceral layer, is filled with serous fluid that decreases friction

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19
Q

NAME THE LAYERS OF THE HEART AND THIER FUNCTIONS

A

Epicardium: visceral layer of the serous pericardium

Myocardium: contains circular or spiral like bundles of contractile cardiac muscle cells. It also contains a fibrous network of collagen and elastic fibers called the cardiac skeleton.

Endocardium: is the innermost layer of the heart and is continuous with the endocardium, lines the cardiac skeleton and heart chambers.

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20
Q

WHAT ARE THE FUNCTIONS OF THE CARDIAC SKELETON?

A

It functions to
Anchor cardiac vessels
Supports the great vessels and heart valves
Limits spread of action potentials to specific pathways

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21
Q

WHAT IS THE TERM THAT DEFINES THE HEART CONTRACTILE CELLS CONTRACTING AS A SINGULAR UNIT?

A

Functional syncytium

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22
Q

NAME SOME UNIQUE FEATURES OF CARDIAC MUSCLE (HINT.BRANCHED)

A

is short, fat, branched, striated, has more mitochondria (25-35% of cell volume), contains intercalated disks, all components of sarcomere are present

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23
Q

WHAT ARE INTERCALATED DISKS? WHAT DO THEY DO?

A

Intercalated disks: they are connecting junctions between cardiac cells, desmosomes are present so it can keep the cells from separating during contraction, gap functions are present are to allow the passing of ions so the myocytes (contractile cells) can contact as a unit (functional syncytium)

24
Q

WHAT ARE THE 2 TYPES OF MYOCYTES? WHAT TO THEY DO?

A

Pacemaker cells: set the pace for contractions in the heart, they depolarize independently and spontaneously and do not need nervous system stimulation (unlike skeletal muscle)

Contractile cells: make up the majority of the myocytes in the heart, and do the actual contracting motion, however their rate of contracting depends on the pacemaker cells.

25
WHAT ARE SOME SIMILARITIES BETWEEN CARDIAC AND SKELETAL MUSCLE?
both skeletal and cardiac muscle involve EC coupling and the process of calcium traveling through the tubule cisterns, attacking onto troponin, and the contracting of the unit using actin and myosin.
26
CONTRACTING AS A UNIT: YES OR NO FOR CARDIAC AND SKELETAL
Skeletal: no, cardiac: yes, using intercalated disks to allow for functional syncytium
27
NAME THE DIFFERENCES IN CALCIUM SOURCE FOR CARDIAC AND SKELETAL MUSCLE
Skeletal: sarcoplasmic reticulum, cardiac: sarcoplasmic reticulum and interstitial fluid
28
CALCIUM BINDS TO TROPONIN: YES OR NO FOR SKELETAL AND CARDIAC
Skeletal: yes, cardiac: yes
29
PACEMAKER CELLS PRESENT: YES OR NO FOR SKELETAL AND CARDIAC
Skeletal: no, cardiac: yes
30
CAN TETANUS OCCUR? YES OR NO FOR SKELETAL AND CARDIAC MUSCLE (AND DESCRIBE WHY)
Skeletal: yes, cardiac: no, this is because the absolute refractory period is just about as long as contraction itself, this allows adequate time for the heart to refill and relax.
31
TYPES OF T-TUBULES IN CARDIAC AND SKELETAL MUSCLE
Skeletal: abundant, cardiac: fewer but wider
32
NAME THE ATP SOURCES FOR BOTH CARDIAC AND SKELETAL MUSCLE
Skeletal: aerobic and anaerobic, cardiac: only aerobic
33
DESCRIBE THE DIFFERENCES IN SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM IN SKELETAL AND CARDIAC MUSCLE
Skeletal: more elaborate, has tubule cisterns, cardiac: less elaborate, no tubule cisterns
34
GAP JUNCTIONS PRESENT? YES OR NO FOR SKELETAL AND CARDIAC
Skeletal: no, cardiac: yes
35
DRAW AND LABEL RN THE DIAGRAMS FOR PACEMAKER AND CONTRACTILE CELLS. DESCRIBE THE CHANGES IN MEMBRANE POTENTIAL AND PERMEABILITY
CHECK IPAD FOR ANSWER
36
DRAW AND LABEL THE PATHWAY OF BLOOD FLOW IN THE HEART
CHECK IPAD FOR ANSWER
37
NAME AND LOCATE THE COMPONENTS IN THE INTRINSIC CARDIAC CONDUCTION CYCLE
Sinoatrial (SA) node: is the pacemaker for the heart, generates 75 impulses per/min (sinus rhythm), depolarizes faster then the myocardium. Causes the atria to contract simultaneously. Atrioventricular (AV) node: delays conduction by 0.1 seconds. This briefly pauses the spread of pacemaker potential, this allows for the atria to fully contract the blood into the ventricles and allows for more efficient pumping. Generates impulses at around 50x per min. Atrioventricular branches: is the only electrical connection between the atria and ventricles. Bundle branches: are 2 pathways in the interventricular septum heading towards the apex. Subendocardial conducting network: completes the conduction pathway from the interventricular septum, the apex, and to the walls of the ventricles. The left ventricle will pump with more force than the right because it is ejecting blood into the systemic circuit. Generates impulses at around 30x per minute
38
WHAT IS ARRHYTHMIA
irregular heart rhythm due to the atrial and ventricles not being coordinated
39
WHAT IS FIBRILATION
is rapid irregular heartbeats → can result in brain death and the heart becomes useless for pumping, is treated with a defibrillatoR
40
WHAT IS JUNCTIONAL RHYTHM
occurs when the SA node becomes defective, making the AV node take over, causing HR of 40-60.
41
WHAT IS HEART BLOCK
when the AV node becomes defective, causing ventricles to beat at their own intrinsic rate. Is treated with artificial pacemakers.
42
DRAW AND LABEL A NORMAL ECG AND WHAT HAPPENS AT THE P, QRS COMPLEX, AND T WAVE
LOOK AT IPAD FOR ANSWER
43
DEFINE SYSTOLE, DIASTOLE, AND CARDIAC CYCLE
Systole: period of myocardial contraction Diastole: period of myocardial relaxation Cardiac cycle: all events associated with blood flow in one complete heartbeat, including both atrial and ventricular systole/diastole
44
WHAT ARE THE 4 STAGES OF THE CARDIAC CYCLE
ventricular filling, isovolumetric contraction, ventricular ejection, isovolumetric relaxation
45
WHAT OCCURS DURING VENTRICULAR FILLING IN THE CARDIAC CYCLE, ALSO DEFINE END DIASTOLIC VOLUME
- Pressure is low, around 80% of the blood in the atria passively flows into the ventricles - Atrial depolarization begins (P-wave), pushing the remaining 20% into the ventricle - This depolarization spreads and the QRS complex begins - The atria return to diastole and the ventricles are beginning to enter systole End diastolic volume: volume in ventricles when diastole reaches to an end.
46
WHAT OCCURS DURING ISOVOLUMETRIC CONTRACTION IN THE CARDIAC CYCLE
- Rising ventricular pressure (via contraction) causes the Atrioventricular valves to close. - Until the semilunar valves open, all 4 valves are shut, preventing blood from entering or leaving the ventricle
47
WHAT OCCURS DURING VENTRICULAR EJECTION IN THE CARDIAC CYCLE
Once ventricular pressure exceeds arterial, the semilunar valves open and blood flows into the aorta and pulmonary trunk. Pressure in the aorta will reach 120 mm/Hg, and 24 mm/Hg in the pulmonary trunk
48
WHAT OCCURS DURING ISOVOLUMETRIC RELAXATION IN THE CARDIAC CYCLE
- Following ventricular relaxation (T-wave), the ventricles relax - Ventricular pressure drops, causing backflow from the aorta and the pulmonary trunk, this causes semilunar valves to close - All 4 valves are closed now, signalling the start of isovolumetric relaxation - Pressure in the aorta increases because the blood from the backflow is rebounding off of the closed semilunar valve. This is called dicrotic notch.
49
WHEN DOES ANOTHER CARDIAC CYCLE BEGIN
When atrial pressure exceeds ventricular, atrioventricular valves open and another cycle begins.
50
DEFINE STROKE VOLUME AND CARDIAC OUTPUT, AS WELL AS THE FORMULAS TO CALCULATE THEM
Cardiac output (CO): the amount of blood pumped by the ventricles in one minute - CO= SV x HR Stroke volume (SV): the amount of blood pumped by the ventricles in one beat - SV= EDV (end diastolic volume) - ESV (end systolic volume)
51
WHAT ARE THREE FACTORS THAT IMPACT STROKE VOLUME?
PRELOAD, CONTRACTILITY, AND AFTERLOAD
52
WHAT IS AND WHAT IMPACTS PRELOAD?
is the degree cardiac muscles are stretched before contraction. This relationship between preload and stroke volume is called frank-starling's law of the heart. The most important factor that affects preload is venous return (will cause more cross bridges because of the increased stretch, which causing stronger contractions which causes powerful contractions that increase CO) Venous return → increased EDV → increased SV → increased CO
53
WHAT IS THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PRELOAD AND STROKE VOLUME CALLED
frank-starling's law of the heart
54
WHAT IS CONTRACTILITY AND HOW DOES IT EVENTUALLY IMPACT CARDIAC OUTPUT
Contractility: Contractile strength at any given muscle length Epinephrine release → increased calcium release → more cross bridges → increased contractility → lowered ESV → increased SV → increased CO
55
WHAT IS AFTER LOAD AND HOW DOES IT EVENTUALLY EFFECT CARDIAC OUTPUT
Afterload: amount of pressure ventricles need to overcome to eject blood Increased hypertension → increases ESV → lowers SV → lowers CO

BIOL 1221 MIDTERM 1 REVIEW (3 decks)

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