Chapter 18: The New South and the New West Flashcards
(35 cards)
What were the different views of the evolution of the New South after the war?
The Myth of the New South: "The Lost Cause"/ Old South (past) - Cotton generated-wealth, plantations New South, Grady (future) industrial expansion, "perfect democracy" of farms and factories
What industry was a great accomplishment in progress towards industrial development.
Textile Mills:
The textile industry, caused cotton mills to increase to supply the textile mills
Who was Washington and James Duke?
The Tobacco Industry:
Washington started selling tobacco, then created a cigarette factory.
James took hold of the tobacco industry by forcing the competitors the join the American Tobacco Company, which controlled 90 percent of the nation’s cigarette production
What other new south industries became very important?
Other New South Industries:
- the production of coal grew, leading to Birmingham, AL (which had a lot of coal) to be called the “Pittsburgh of the South”
- lumber became extremely important after 1870 because of the need for housing, passed the textile industry in 1900
What were the “redeemers”?
The Redeemers:
conservative, pro-business, white politicians who were in the democratic party who supported the idea of industrial progress but supported by white supremacy, called redeemers because they “redeemed” the south from Yankee rule as well as “black rule” during reconstruction
Was Henry Grady right in saying that by the end of the 19th century, an increased number of southern farmers would own their land?
Southern Poverty:
He was wrong, the opposite happened, most people lost ownership of the land that they worked and crop prices lowering caused difficulty to purchase land
What was the crop-lien system, its categories, and did it work?
The Crop-Lien System:
a merchant provided the food, clothing, fertilizer, and everything needed for the farmer to grow crops in exchange for a share of that farmer’s crops when harvested
- small farm owners
- sharecroppers
- tenants
this system did not succeed and was self-destructive because of the soil erosion and lack of caring by the farmers
Did cotton prices go up or down in the late 19th century?
Falling Cotton Prices:
cotton production soared, but the prices steadily decreased because of texas cultivation growing
What was the Mississippi plan?
Disfranchising African Americans:
a number of state constitutional amendments in 1890, which took away the voting rights of blacks: led to other states doing the same thing
How did segregation spread?
The Spread of Segregation:
many northern whites wanted to resegregate the south, ruled the Civil Rights Act of 1875 unconstitutional, “separate but equal,”
LA created a similar law in 1890 which caused the blacks to challenge it in the Plessy v. Ferguson, where Plessy refused to leave a whites-only railroad car
led to the creation of the Jim Crow laws which increased segregation
What event occurred in Wilmington, NC in response to blacks in office?
Mob Rule in North Carolina:
on November 10, 1898, 2,000 white men attacked Wilmington killing black people and forcing the blacks that held office to immediately go North
Who was Ida B. Wells?
Ida B. Wells:
born into slavery in 1862, MS
moved to Memphis in 1880 where she taught in segregated schools
became the first African American to file a lawsuit for being denied a seat on a railroad car, Tennesse supreme court fined the railroad
the wrote for the Memphis Free Speech newspaper
friends were lynched so she launched a crusade to stop lynching and helped found the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
Who was Booker T. Washington?
Booker T. Washington:
born a slave in 1856 and enrolled in the Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute
helped found and was president of the black college, the Tuskegee Institute
preached self improvement over social change
Who was W. E. B. Du Bois?
W. E. B. Du Bois:
booker’s foremost rival
first African American to earn a doctoral degree from Harvard
wrote more than twenty books
taught at Atlanta University then launched an assault on bookers strategy
called bookers speech “the Atlanta Compromise”
wanted to fight discrimination
What aspects of the West led to so many people moving there?
The Western Landscape:
discoveries of gold, silver, copper, iron, and coal as well as the completion of the transcontinental railroad, collapse of Indian resistance, and the rise of buffalo hide and range-cattle industries
Who immigrated to the West?
The Migratory System:
Anglo-Americans, Native Americans, African Americans, Mexicans, South Americans, and European and Chinese which transformed western life and culture.
most of the settlers were white native born people
mostly men
Who or what were exodusters?
The African American Migration:
thousands of African Americans who migrated west to found their own towns and escape the racism and poverty in the south
Benjamin “Pap” Singleton
whites were losing their laborers so the blocked the blacks from crossing the Mississippi river
died out in the 1880s
What were the impacts of mining?
Western mining:
many people dreamed to “strike it rich”, but instead became wage workers for mining companies
mining motivated people to move west in search for gold
What were boomtowns?
Mining boomtowns:
mining camps that were appearing, were more like towns because they had saloons and stores, etc.
Tombstone, AZ was the fastest-growing boomtown in its fourth year of existence
ethnic prejudice especially towards Chinese was very common in these towns
What was the cattle boom?
The Cattle Boom:
started by Joseph G. McCoy who bought land in Abilene, KS where he then persuaded cattle drivers to go through Abilene so he could load cows and ship them off to big cities
cattle drives ended because of the ability to ship large numbers of cattle by rail
barbed wire fencing was developed (Joseph Glidden) and open range was no more
What were the motivations why people moved to the Great Plains to farm?
Farming on the plains:
the land was inexpensive and the federal government used false advertising on how great it was
What happened to the homesteaders?
Homesteaders:
the first homesteaders were landless folk
the land was practically free
people struggled because of the elements and the lack of resources since they had no money to buy things
How did commercial farming affect the farming industry?
Commercial Farming:
railroads brought wood which allowed people to build their houses out of it instead of sod
new machinery and productivity were increasing efficiency, but it caused farmers to go into debt because they were purchasing the equipment
bonanza farms were created and ruined small farmers and farm products increased
What role did women play in the west?
Women in the west:
women were scarce in the west and still had little rights
women were more independent in the west
the western territories were the first to allow women to vote and hold office, utah was the first and accepted into the union
