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Chapter 19-1 Flashcards

Endocrine system + Hormones

1
Q

Functions of Hormones (4)

A
  1. Regulate composition and volume of fluids
  2. Regulate metabolism and energy production
  3. Regulate rate and timing of growth & development
  4. Control physical and mental stress
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2
Q

Examples of endocrine system organs that are associated with each of the following
components of the body below:

The Brain (3)

A
  1. Pineal gland
  2. Hypothalamus
  3. Pituitary gland
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3
Q

Examples of endocrine system organs that are associated with each of the following
components of the body below:

The Neck (2)

A
  1. Thyroid
  2. Parathyroid gland
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4
Q

Examples of endocrine system organs that are associated with each of the following
components of the body below:

The Thoracic Cavity

A

Heart

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5
Q

Examples of endocrine system organs that are associated with each of the following
components of the body below:

The Abdominal Cavity

A
  1. Stomach
  2. Pancreas
  3. Small Intestine
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6
Q

Examples of endocrine system organs that are associated with each of the following
components of the body below:

The Pelvic Cavity

A
  1. Testis
  2. Ovaries
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7
Q

Distinguish between the following aspects of hormone physiology:

a. Secretory cells
b. Target cells

A

a. Secretory cells— synthesis, stores and releases hormones

b. Target cells— contains receptors for specific hotmomones

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8
Q

Regarding hormone classification: Secretory cells, Target cells and examples of:

Autocrine Hormone

A

Secretary Cells: Autocrine (same)

Target Cells: Autocrine (same)

Examples: Interlueken-1

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9
Q

Regarding hormone classification: Secretory cells, Target cells and examples of:

Paracrine Hormones

A

Secretary Cells: Paracrine Cell

Target Cells: Paracrine receptor

Examples: Gastrin

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10
Q

Regarding hormone classification: Secretory cells, Target cells and examples of:

Endocrine Hormones

A

Secretary Cells: Into blood stream

Target Cells:

Examples: Insulin

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11
Q

Regarding water soluble and lipid soluble hormones: Benefits / Costs

Water-soluble Hormones

A

Benefits: Easily transported through bloodstream w/o the need of a transport protein

Costs: Cannot cross cell membrane of target cell must bind to receptor on cell surface membrane requiring energy

Location of Hormone receptor: Cell membrane surface

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12
Q

Regarding water soluble and lipid soluble hormones: Benefits / Costs

Lipid-soluble Hormones

A

Benefits: Can easily bind / diffuse across cell membrane of target cell. No energy needed.

Costs: Insoluble in blood plasma must be attached to transport protein that makes them soluble

Location: in blood

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13
Q

Explain the difference between the anterior and posterior pituitary gland, regarding the secretion and storage of hormones

A

Anterior: synthesizes, stores, releases hormones

Posterior: stores and releases hormones

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14
Q

Hormones released from the anterior pituitary gland, identify the target organ/tissue and( brief function):

Human Growth Hormone

A

Target: skeletal muscle, bone , cartilage

Function: promotion of cell growth

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15
Q

Hormones released from the anterior pituitary gland, identify the target organ/tissue and( brief function):

Prolactin

A

Target: Mammary gland

Function: milk production, development of mammary glands

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16
Q

Hormones released from the anterior pituitary gland, identify the target organ/tissue and( brief function):

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

A

Target: Thyroid glands

Function: stimulates release of T3 and T4

17
Q

Hormones released from the anterior pituitary gland, identify the target organ/tissue and( brief function):

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

A

Target: Adrenal glands

Function: stimulates release of Cortisol

18
Q

Hormones released from the anterior pituitary gland, identify the target organ/tissue and( brief function):

Leutinizing hormone (LH)

A

Target: Ovaries/Testes

Function: promotes ovulation/ testosterone

19
Q

Hormones released from the anterior pituitary gland, identify the target organ/tissue and( brief function):

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

Target: Ovaries/Testes

Function: promotes egg development and ovulation / sperm development)

20
Q

Hormones released from the posterior pituitary gland, identify the target organ/tissue and brief function:

Oxytocin

A

Target: Uterus, Mammary glands

Function: contraction of uterus / secretion of milk

21
Q

Hormones released from the posterior pituitary gland, identify the target organ/tissue and brief function:

Antidiuretic hormone

A

Target: Kidneys, sweat glands

Function: decrease urine output / prevent sweating = increase BP

22
Q

Explain the differences between gigantism and acromegaly. Which hormone is affected with these conditions?

A

Both are a Pituitary glands disorder

Gigantism: incredibly tall = too much secretion of human growth hormone during childhood through adolescents

Acromegaly: distinctive facial features = too much human growth hormone after adulthood

Difference = the amount of human growth hormone released either when the growth plates are still open ( Gigantism) or after they close ( Acromegaly)

23
Q

Explain the condition known as diabetes insipidus. Which hormone is affected with this condition?

A

Pituitary Gland Disorder: insufficient ADH secretion

Diabetes Insipidus: not secreting enough anti-diuretic hormone from posterior pituitary into bloodstream

body relieves water levels instead of retaining fluid

24
Q

ADRENAL GLANDS: “suprarenal glands” components

A

Adrenal Cortex: outer segment of adrenal gland that produces 3 hormones

Adrenal Medulla: deeper region of adrenal glands produces 2 hormones

25
For each of the following hormones released from the adrenal cortex, identify the target organ/tissue and brief function: Aldosterone
Target: Kidneys Function: regulates Na, K, and H to increase BP/ increase pH
26
For each of the following hormones released from the adrenal cortex, identify the target organ/tissue and brief function: Cortisol
Target: Liver, Adipose tissue, Lymphatic Function: increase blood sugar and suppress the immune system
27
For each of the following hormones released from the adrenal cortex, identify the target organ/tissue and brief function: Weak androgens
Target: female reproductive system Function: increase libido in females
28
For each of the following hormones released from the adrenal medulla, identify the target organ/tissue and brief function: Epinephrine
Target: Heart, skeletal muscles and air passageways Function: fight or flight) effects heart more
29
For each of the following hormones released from the adrenal medulla, identify the target organ/tissue and brief function: Norepinephrine
Target: Heart, skeletal muscles and air passageways Function: fight or flight effects blood vessels more
30
Explain the primary functional differences between pancreatic acini and pancreatic islets. Which structure is more abundant inside the pancreas?
Pancreatic Acini: secretes digestive enzymes / substances into the small intestine (no endocrine function) Pancreatic Islets: secrets hormones into the blood stream to regulates blood sugar levels Acini (98%) > islets (2%)
31
For each of the following hormones released from pancreatic islets, identify the target organ/tissue and brief function: Insulin
Target: Skeletal muscle, Liver Function: increase absorption of glucose = lower blood sugar
32
For each of the following hormones released from pancreatic islets, identify the target organ/tissue and brief function: Glucagon
Target: Skeletal muscle, Liver Function: increase secretion of glucose = elevate blood sugar)
33
For each of the following hormones released from pancreatic islets, identify the target organ/tissue and brief function: Somatostatin
Target: Alpha & Beta cells Function: Turn off insulin/ glucogen secretion)
34
For each of the following hormones released from pancreatic islets, identify the target organ/tissue and brief function: Pancreatic polypeptide
Target: ? Function: ?
35
Describe the differences between type I diabetes and type II diabetes. a. Diabetes Mellitus b. Type I c. Type II
a. Diabetes Mellitus: Insulin disorder = lack of ability to regulate glucose levels in blood sugar b. Type I: Insulin deficient diabetes = autoimmune disorder, body attacks pancreatic beta cells thus individual cannot secrete insulin from beta cells c. Type II: Insulin resistant diabetes = most common, cells do not normally respond to insulin .. do not absorb glucose to lower blood sugar levels

Anatomy/Phys (6 decks)

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