Chapter 19

Question 1

which type of specialized tissue is blood?

Answer 1

fluid connective tissue

Question 2

what two components make up blood? what is the percent abundance of each?

Answer 2

plasma - 46-63%
formed elements - 37-54%

Question 3

what is the main component of plasma? what is its percent abundance?

Answer 3

water, 92% of plasma

Question 4

which formed element is the most abundant in blood? percentage?

Answer 4

red blood cells, 99.9%

Question 5

define hematocrit

Answer 5

the percentage of red blood cells within a sample of whole blood

Question 6

what occurs during hematopoiesis?

Answer 6

formed elements are produced

Question 7

what are the three major plasma proteins and their percentages?

Answer 7

albumins - 60%; osmotic pressure

globulins - 35%; antibodies and transport

fibrinogen - 4%; clotting

Question 8

what are the three formed elements and their functions?

Answer 8

RBC - most abundant, transport oxygen

WBC - body defenses

platelets - cell fragments important for clotting

Question 9

which vein is commonly used for venipuncture?

Answer 9

median cubital vein

Question 10

for what purpose would an arterial puncture be used?

Answer 10

blood gas analysis (indicator of lung function)

Question 11

which organ synthesizes and releases 90% of plasma proteins?

Answer 11

the liver

Question 12

what are erythrocytes?

Answer 12

RBCs with no nucleus and large quantities of hemoglobin

Question 13

why are RBCs red?

Answer 13

contain pigment hemoglobin

Question 14

what cellular processes are affected by the lack of organelles in RBCs?

Answer 14

RBCs cannot divide or synthesize proteins or enzymes; cannot repair themselves either

Question 15

what two gases are transported by hemoglobin?

Answer 15

oxygen and carbon dioxide

Question 16

if every protein chain of hemoglobin has a heme associated with it, how many heme molecules and iron molecules are contained in one molecule of hemoglobin?

Answer 16

four

Question 17

what is oxyhemoglobin?

Answer 17

heme unit resulting of iron interacting with oxygen

Question 18

what is deoxyhemoglobin?

Answer 18

hemoglobin molecule whose iron is not bound to oxygen

Question 19

compare oxygen binding capacities of adult vs. fetal hemoglobin

Answer 19

fetal hemoglobin binds oxygen more readily, developing fetus can “steal” oxygen from maternal bloodstream at placenta

Question 20

what is carbaminohemoglobin?

Answer 20

hemoglobin bound to carbon dioxide molecules

Question 21

what is anemia?

Answer 21

condition marked by decrease in hematocrit, hemoglobin content, or both

Question 22

what is erythropoiesis and where does it occur?

Answer 22

the formation of RBCs, occurs in bone marrow

Question 23

which immature blood cell accounting for less than 1% of the RBC population is found in the blood?

Answer 23

reticulocyte

Question 24

which hormone directly stimulates erythropoiesis?

Answer 24

erythropoietin (EPO)

Question 25

what is hypoxia?

Answer 25

low level of oxygen in tissues

Question 26

what is the intrinsic factor and what is its function? where is it produced?

Answer 26

a glycoprotein produced by stomach lining; it is needed to absorb B12

Question 27

what is hemolysis?

Answer 27

rupture of RBCs

Question 28

what is hemoglobinuria?

Answer 28

abnormal amounts of RBC break down in bloodstream, causing urine to turn red or brown

Question 29

what is hematuria?

Answer 29

presence of intact RBCs in urine occuring after kidney or urinary tract vessel damage

Question 30

what is jaundice?

Answer 30

the combination of yellow skin and eyes

Question 31

what molecule causes jaundice?

Answer 31

bilirubin

Question 32

what is iron deficiency anemia?

Answer 32

anemia resulting from lack of iron in diet or problems with iron absorption

Question 33

which three of the greater than 50 blood antigens are most important when blood typing?

Answer 33

A, B, Rh (or D)

Question 34

what type of surface antigens does Type A blood have? type of antigens?

Answer 34

antigens: A antibodies: anti-B

Question 35

what type of surface antigens does Type B blood have? type of antigens?

Answer 35

antigens: B antibodies: anti-A

Question 36

what type of surface antigens does Type AB blood have? type of antigens?

Answer 36

antigens: A&B antibodies: none

Question 37

what type of surface antigens does Type O blood have? type of antigens?

Answer 37

antigens: none antibodies: anti-A & anti-B

Question 38

if type B blood is given to a person with type A blood, what occurs?

Answer 38

agglutination (clumping) and hemolysis; antibodies react with target antigens

Question 39

what is cross match used for?

Answer 39

for compatibility; involves exposing donor's RBCs to sample of recipient's plasma

Question 40

which blood type is the "universal donor"

Answer 40

Type O

Question 41

what is the scientific name for hemolytic disease of the newbord (HDN)

Answer 41

erythroblastosis fetalis

Question 42

when does HDN occur?

Answer 42

when the female's antibodies cross the placenta, attacking and destroying fetal RBCs

Question 43

why doesn't HDN usually occur during a first pregnancy?

Answer 43

very few fetal cells enter maternal bloodstream, and thus the female's immune system is not stimulated to produce anti-Rh antibodies

Question 44

what drug is administered to prevent an Rh- bother from being sensitized to an Rh+ baby's antigen during the first pregnancy?

Answer 44

RhoGAM, administered in weeks 26-28 antibodies destroy fetal RBCs that cross placenta before they can stimulate maternal immune response

Question 45

what is diapedesis (also known as emigration)?

Answer 45

the movement of white blood cells through the walls of blood vessels and endothelial cells

Question 46

what is positive chemotaxis?

Answer 46

chemical stimuli that guides WBCs to invading pathogens, damaged tissues, and other active WBCs

Question 47

what are two groups of WBCs based on appearance after staining? what are the types of each?

Answer 47

granulocytes: eosinophils, basophils, neutrophils agranulocytes: monocytes, lymphocytes

Question 48

which four types of WBCs are part of the body's non-specific defenses?

Answer 48

neutrophils, eosioniphils, basophils, monocytes

Question 49

which three types of WBCs are capable of phagocytosis?

Answer 49

basophils, monocytes, lymphocytes

Question 50

neutrophils can undergo respiratory burst. what is respiratory burst and which two chemicals are released after it occurs?

Answer 50

metabolic rate of neutrophil increases after engulfing bacterium releases hydrogen peroxide and superoxide anions

Question 51

what two toxic compounds are released by eosinophils?

Answer 51

nitric oxide & cytotoxic enzymes

Question 52

which two conditions will cause an increased number of eosinophils?

Answer 52

parasitic infection and allergic reactions

Question 53

what two molecules are found in basophil granules?

Answer 53

histamine for dilating blood vessels and heparin to prevent clotting

Question 54

what are monocytes called after they enter the tissues?

Answer 54

tissue macrophage

Question 55

what type of adaptive immunity is T lymphocyte?

Answer 55

cell-mediated immunity: defense against invading foreign cells

Question 56

what type of adaptive immunity is B lymphocyte?

Answer 56

humoral immunity: defense involving production of antibodies

Question 57

what are plasma cells and what do they secrete

Answer 57

differentiated B cells that synthesize and secrete antibodies

Question 58

which cells carry out immune surveillance and are important in preventing cancer?

Answer 58

natural killer cells, detect and destroy abnormal cells

Question 59

define leukopenia and leukocytosis

Answer 59

leukopenia: inadequate numbers of WBCs leukocytosis: excessive numbers of WBCs

Question 60

what is the difference between leukopoiesis and lymphocytopoiesis?

Answer 60

leukopoiesis: WBC production lymphocytopoiesis: generation of lymphocytes

Question 61

what is the scientific name for platelets?

Answer 61

thrombocytes

Question 62

what is the major role of platelets?

Answer 62

clotting

Question 63

what are megakaryocytes

Answer 63

large bone marrow cells responsible for the formation of platelets

Question 64

what is hemostasis?

Answer 64

the stopping of bleeding through clotting

Question 65

what enzyme converts soluble fibrinogen to insoluble fibrin?

Answer 65

prothrombin activator

Question 66

which ion and which vitamin affect almost every aspect of the clotting process?

Answer 66

calcium ions and vitamin K

Question 67

what is fibrinolysis?

Answer 67

the dissolving of clots as repairs proceed

Question 68

what is thrombocytopenia?

Answer 68

condition in which platelet count is too low

Question 69

what is hemophilia?

Answer 69

an inherited bleeding disorder in which the blood does not clot properly