chapter 19-22 study guide

Question 1

what are the three estates?

Answer 1

1st estate: Clergy 2nd estate: Nobility 3rd estate: Commoners

Question 2

what are estates?

Answer 2

representative assembly of the three estates, or, orders of the realm

Question 3

what is bourgeoisie?

Answer 3

middle class

Question 4

what is the rise of the 3rd estate?

Answer 4

creation of new National Assembly that better represented those not part of clergy or nobility

Question 5

what is national assembly?

Answer 5

elected legislature

Question 6

what was the attack on bastille?

Answer 6

signaled the start of the French Revolution

Question 7

what is the Rights of Man Enlightenment/Am. Revolution influence?

Answer 7

freedom of religion, freedom of the press, no taxation without representation, elimination of excessive punishments, and various safeguards against against arbitrary administration

Question 8

what happened during the Jacobin takeover/dictatorship?

Answer 8

targeted speculators, monarchists, right-wing Girondin, Herbertists, and traitors, and led to many beheadings

Question 9

Who was Robespierre?

Answer 9

Maximilien Robespierre
led the French Revolution

Question 10

Napoleon Bonaparte and his empire?

Answer 10

French emperor and military genius

Question 11

Who was Goethe?

Answer 11

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe

Question 12

Who was Beethoven?

Answer 12

Ludwig van Beethoven

Question 13

Who was Wagner?

Answer 13

Richard Wagner

Question 14

What is mass production?

Answer 14

production of large quantities

Question 15

What is a steam engine?

Answer 15

machine used through the power of heat

Question 16

What were technological advance made during the Industrial Revolution?

Answer 16

steam engine, electric generators, light bulb, telegraph and telephone, and automobile

Question 17

What is corporation?

Answer 17

easy access to capital and business development provided by the corporate structure

Question 18

What was Laissez-faire?

Answer 18

the less the government was involved in the economy, the better off businesses would be

Question 19

What were trade unions?

Answer 19

protect workers from unnecessary risks using dangerous machines, unhealthy working conditions, and excessive hours of working

Question 20

What were the reforms passed to protect the workers?

Answer 20

mandatory public education, child labor laws, and eight-hour work days

Question 21

What were some pros from growth of cities?

Answer 21

more jobs for workers, better transportation, higher living standards

Question 22

What were some cons from growth of cities?

Answer 22

damage to the environment, health and safety hazards

Question 23

Why did they create “lower-middle class”?

Answer 23

for the people who weren’t rich but also weren’t poor

Question 24

What is mass consumption?

Answer 24

purchase of standardized products of services by large numbers of customers

Question 25

What is romanticism?

Answer 25

revolt against the aristocratic social and political norms of the Age of Enlightenment and also a reaction against the scientific rationalization of nature

Question 26

Who was Immanuel Kant?

Answer 26

published “the Critique of Pure Reason”

Question 27

Who was G. Hegel?

Answer 27

Gerog Wilhelm Fredrich Hegel

Question 28

What is conservatism?

Answer 28

type of political belief that supports emphasis on traditions and relies on the individual to maintain society

Question 29

What is liberalism?

Answer 29

common interest that all individuals be able to secure their own economic self-interest

Question 30

Who was Malthus?

Answer 30

Thomas Robert Malthus

Question 31

Who was Thomas Paine?

Answer 31

writer and political pamphleteer

Question 32

What is nationalism?

Answer 32

loyalty and devotion to a nation

Question 33

What was the Congress of Vienna?

Answer 33

reorganized Europe after the Napoleonic Wars

Question 34

Concert of Europe?

Answer 34

alliance system that attempted to maintain the status quo by suppressing nationalism and liberalism

Question 35

Russian Revolution?

Answer 35

period of political and social changes in the Russian Empire

Question 36

Bourbon Revolution in France?

Answer 36

the period of French history during which the House of Bourbon returned to power after the first fall of Napoleon

Question 37

Reform Bill of 1832 in Britain?

Answer 37

granted seats in House of Commons to large cities that had sprung up during the Industrial Revolution, and removed seats from the “rotten boroughs”

Question 38

What are chartist ideas?

Answer 38

gain political rights and influence for the working class

Question 39

1848 French Revolution and June Days?

Answer 39

in response to close National Workshops, created by the Second Republic in order to provide work and a minimal source of income for the unemployed

Question 40

What were other 1848 Revolutions?

Answer 40

series of republican revolts against European monarchies, beginning in Sicily and spreading to France, Germany, Italy, and the Austrian Empire