Chapter 19 - Blood

Question 1

What are the three main components of the cardiovascular system?

Answer 1

Blood, heart, blood vessels

Question 2

What is blood primarily classified as?

Answer 2

Specialized connective tissue

Question 3

What are the two main components of whole blood?

Answer 3

• Plasma
• Formed elements

Question 4

List four functions of blood.

Answer 4

• Transports dissolved gases, nutrients, hormones, and metabolic waste
• Regulates pH and ion composition of interstitial fluids
• Restricts fluid losses at injury sites
• Defends against toxins and pathogens

Question 5

What is the average adult blood volume?

Answer 5

About 5 liters

Question 6

What is the typical pH range of blood?

Answer 6

7.35-7.45

Question 7

What is hematocrit?

Answer 7

Percentage of red blood cells in blood

Question 8

What is the buffy coat composed of?

Answer 8

Platelets and white blood cells

Question 9

What percentage of blood volume does plasma make up?

Answer 9

46-63%

Question 10

What are the main components of plasma?

Answer 10

• Plasma proteins
• 92% water
• Other solutes: organic nutrients and wastes, electrolytes

Question 11

What are the three main types of plasma proteins?

Answer 11

• Albumins
• Globulins
• Fibrinogen

Question 12

What is the primary function of albumins?

Answer 12

Transport fatty acids, thyroid hormones, and some steroid hormones

Question 13

What role does fibrinogen play in the blood?

Answer 13

Functions in clotting, converted to fibrin during coagulation

Question 14

What is hemopoiesis?

Answer 14

Formation of blood cells

Question 15

What are the three types of formed elements in blood?

Answer 15

• Red blood cells
• White blood cells
• Platelets

Question 16

What are red blood cells also known as?

Answer 16

Erythrocytes

Question 17

What percentage of formed elements do red blood cells constitute?

Answer 17

99.9%

Question 18

What is the primary function of hemoglobin?

Answer 18

Transports oxygen and carbon dioxide

Question 19

What is the structure of hemoglobin?

Answer 19

Complex quaternary structure with 2 alpha and 2 beta chains

Question 20

What is erythropoiesis?

Answer 20

Red blood cell formation

Question 21

What hormone stimulates erythropoiesis?

Answer 21

Erythropoietin (EPO)

Question 22

What are leukocytes commonly known as?

Answer 22

White blood cells

Question 23

What is the most abundant type of white blood cell?

Answer 23

Neutrophils

Question 24

What is the primary function of eosinophils?

Answer 24

Attack large parasites and are sensitive to allergens

Question 25

What role do basophils play in inflammation?

Answer 25

Enhance local inflammation by releasing histamine and heparin

Question 26

What do monocytes become after migrating into tissues?

Answer 26

Macrophages

Question 27

What are the three classes of lymphocytes?

Answer 27

* T cells * B cells * Natural Killer (NK) cells

Question 28

What is the function of T cells?

Answer 28

Responsible for cell-mediated immunity

Question 29

What do B cells primarily defend against?

Answer 29

Involves antibodies

Question 30

What are platelets also known as?

Answer 30

Thrombocytes

Question 31

What is hemostasis?

Answer 31

Process of stopping bleeding

Question 32

List the three phases of hemostasis.

Answer 32

* Vascular phase * Platelet phase * Coagulation phase

Question 33

What occurs during the vascular phase of hemostasis?

Answer 33

Vascular spasm reduces blood flow and blood loss

Question 34

What is the function of platelet adhesion?

Answer 34

Platelets attach to exposed collagen and sticky endothelium

Question 35

What are the two pathways involved in coagulation?

Answer 35

* Extrinsic pathway * Intrinsic pathway

Question 36

What factors are essential for the clotting process?

Answer 36

* Calcium ions * Vitamin K

Question 37

What condition is characterized by a low platelet count?

Answer 37

Thrombocytopenia

Question 38

What is hemophilia?

Answer 38

Inherited bleeding disorder

Question 39

What is thrombophilia?

Answer 39

Increased clot formation