Chapter 19 - Cells Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in Chapter 19 - Cells Deck (13)
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1
Q

What types of mutations are there?

A

Substitution
Insertion
Deletion

2
Q

What is substitution?

A

When one nucleotide is exchanged for another

3
Q

What is insertion?

A

When an extra nucleotide (or more than one) is placed in the DNA sequence

4
Q

What is deletion?

A

When a nucleotide (or more than one) is removed from the DNA sequence

5
Q

Which genetic disease is caused by substitution?

A

Sickle cell anaemia

6
Q

Which genetic disease is caused by insertion?

A

Huntington’s disease

7
Q

Which genetic disease is caused by deletion?

A

Cystic fibrosis

8
Q

What is a mutation?

A

A change to the base sequence

9
Q

What is a frameshift mutation?

A

An insertion or deletion mutation which therefore causes the change of subsequent codons
Each following codon is effected because they are read in a new group of threes

10
Q

What is a silent mutation?

A

A mutation that changes the primary structure of the protein (base sequence) but had no significant effect in its function

11
Q

How does a silent mutation occur?

A

The mutation could be in a non-coding region

The mutation could produce a new codon that codes for the same amino acid ( because DNA code is degenerate)

12
Q

What is a nonsense mutation?

A

A codon that is changed to a stop codon

This results in a shorter polypeptide and is normally harmful

13
Q

What is a missense mutation?

A

When at least one new amino acid is introduced into the protein’s primary

Can be harmful or beneficial