Chapter 19: Chemical Coordination and Integration

Question 1

The neural system and the ____________________ system jointly coordinate and regulate the physiological function in the body.

Answer 1

endocrine system

Question 2

Endocrine glands lack ducts and are hence, called ____________ glands.

Answer 2

ductless glands

Question 3

Secretions from endocrine glands are called _______________

Answer 3

Hormones

Question 4

_______________ are non-nutrient chemicals which act as intercellular messengers and are produced in trace amounts.

Answer 4

Hormones

Question 5

The endocrine glands and hormone producing diffused tissues/cells located in different parts of our body constitute the ___________________

Answer 5

endocrine system

Question 6

pituitary
Pineal
Thyroid
Adrenal
Pancreas
Parathyroid
Thymus
Gonads (testis in males and ovary in females)

are the organised __________________ bodies in our body

Answer 6

Endocrine bodies

Question 7

Gastrointestinal tract, liver, kidney , heart also produce ________________

Answer 7

Hormones

Question 8

The ___________________ is the basal part of diencephalon, forebrain and it regulates a wide spectrum of body function

Answer 8

Hypothalamus

Question 9

Hypothalamus contains several groups of neurosecretory cells called nuclei which produce hormones and these hormones regulate the synthesis and secretion of _______________ hormones

Answer 9

pituitary hormones

Question 10

The hormones produced by hypothalamus are of two types:-
1.____________________
2.____________________

Answer 10

1. releasing hormones (which stimulate secretion of pituitary hormones)
2. inhibiting hormones (which inhibit secretions of pituitary hormones)

Question 11

A hypothalamic hormone called Gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH) stimulates the pituitary synthesis and release of _______________________

Answer 11

Gonadotrophins

Question 12

Somatostatin from the hypothalamus inhibits the release of ________________ hormone from the pituitary.

Answer 12

growth hormone

Question 13

For _____________ pituitary the hormones from hypothalamus reach the pituitary gland through a portal circulatory system. The posterior pituitary is under the direct neural regulation of the __________________

Answer 13

Anterior pituitary

Hypothalamus

Question 14

The pituitary gland is located in a bony cavity called ________________ and is attached to hypothalamus by a stalk.

Answer 14

sella tursica

Question 15

pituitary gland is divided anatomically into two parts ,_____________________ and __________________________

Answer 15

adenohypophysis
neurohypophysis

Question 16

Adenohypophysis consists of two portions, pars_____________ and pars_________________

Answer 16

pars distalis
pars intermedia

Question 17

The pars _____________ region of pituitary, commonly called anterior pituitary, produces
Growth hormone(GH)
Prolactin(PRL)
thyroid stimulating hormone(TSH)
Adrenocorticotrophic hormone(ACTH)
Luteinizing hormone(LH)
Follicle stimulating hormone(FSH)

Answer 17

Pars distalis (Anterior pituitary)

Question 18

Pars intermedia secretes only one hormone called __________________. However, in humans, the pars intermedia is almost merged with pars distalis

Answer 18

Melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)

Question 19

Neurohypophysis ( Pars nervosa) also known as _______________, stores and releases two hormones called ______________ and _________________, which are actually sysnthesised by the hypothalamus and are transported axonally to neurohypophysis.

Answer 19

posterior pituitary
oxytocin
vasopressin

Question 20

Over-secretion of GH (growth hormones) stimulates abnormal growth of the body leading to _______________ and low secretion of GH results in stunted growth resulting pituitary_______________

Answer 20

gigantism
pituitary dwarfism

Question 21

Excess secretion of growth hormone* in adults especially in middle age can result in severe disfigurement (especially of the face) called ______________

Answer 21

Acromegaly

Question 22

_________________ regulates the growth of the mammary glands and formation of milk in them.

Answer 22

Prolactin

Question 23

_____________ stimulates the synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones from the thyroid gland

Answer 23

TSH (thyroid stimulating hormones)

Question 24

_____________ stimulates the synthesis and secretion of steroid hormones called glucocorticoids from the adrenal cortex

Answer 24

ACTH (adrenocorticotrophic hormone)

Question 25

**LH**(luteinizing hormone) and **FSH** (follicle stimulating hormone) stimulate **gonadal activity** and hence are called __________________

Answer 25

**gonadotrophins**

Question 26

In males, **LH** stimulates the synthesis and secretion of hormones called ____________ from **testis**

Answer 26

**androgens**

Question 27

In males, **FSH** and **androgens** regulate ____________________

Answer 27

**spermatogenesis**

Question 28

In **females**, **LH** induces **ovulation** of fully mature follicles (graafian follicles) and maintains the _______________, formed from the remnants of the **graafian follicles** after ovulation.

Answer 28

**corpus luteum**

Question 29

**FSH** stimulates growth and development of the ____________ in **females**

Answer 29

**ovarian follicles**

Question 30

_______________ acts on the melanocytes (melanin containing cells) and regulates pigmentation of the skin.

Answer 30

**MSH** (melanocyte stimulating hormone)

Question 31

_______________ acts on the **smooth muscles** of our body and stimulates their contractions. In females, it stimulates a vigorous contraction of uterus at the time of **child birth**, and **milk ejection** from the mammary gland.

Answer 31

**Oxytocin**

Question 32

_________________ acts mainly at the kidney and stimulates resorption of water and electrolytes by **distal tubules** and thereby reduces loss of water through urine (diuresis). Hence, it is also called as **antidiuretic hormone** (ADH)

Answer 32

**Vasopressin** ( also called **ADH**)

Question 33

An impairment affecting synthesis or release of **ADH** results in a diminished ability of the kidney to conserve water leading to **water loss** and **dehydration**. This condition is known as ________________

Answer 33

**Diabetes insipidus**

Question 34

The **pineal gland** is located on the dorsal side of _______________-_____

Answer 34

**forebrain**

Question 35

**Pineal secretes** a hormone called ________________

Answer 35

**melatonin**

Question 36

The **thyroid gland** is composed of two lobes which are located on either side of the _______________

Answer 36

**trachea**

Question 37

Both the lobes of **thyroid gland** are interconnected with a thin flap of connective tissue called ______________

Answer 37

**isthmus**

Question 38

The **thyroid gland** is composed of ____________ and ______________ tissues.

Answer 38

**follicles** **stromal tissues**

Question 39

The **follicular cells** synthesise two hormones, ________________ or **thyroxine** (T₄) and ________________ .

Answer 39

**tetraiodothyronine** (Thyroxine) (T₄) **triiodothyronine** (T₃)

Question 40

____________ is essential for the normal rate of hormone synthesis in the **thyroid gland**

Answer 40

**Iodine**

Question 41

Deficiency of **Iodine** in our diet results in **hypothyroidism** and enlargement of the thyroid gland, commonly called _____________

Answer 41

**goiter**

Question 42

**Hypothyroidism** during pregnancy causes defective development and maturation of the growing baby leading to **stunted growth** (_______________________), mental retardation, **low intelligence quotient** , abnormal skin, **deaf-mutism**

Answer 42

**Cretinism**

Question 43

_______________ may cause **menstrual cycle** to become irregular.

Answer 43

**Hypothyroidism***

Question 44

Due to **Cancer** of the **thyroid gland** or due to development of nodules of the thyroid glands, the rate of synthesis and secretion of the thyroid hormones is increased to abnormal **high levels** leading to a condition called __________________

Answer 44

**Hyperthyroidism**

Question 45

______________ goitre is a form of **hyperthyroidism** , characterised by enlargement of the thyroid gland, protrusion of the **eyeballs**, increased **basal metabolic rate**, and weight loss, also called __________________

Answer 45

**Exophthalmic goitre** **Graves' disease**

Question 46

Thyroid gland also secretes a **Protein** hormone called ______________ which regulates the blood **calcium level**

Answer 46

**Thyrocalcitonin (TCT)**

Question 47

In humans, ____________ **parathyroid glands** are present on the back side of the **Thyroid gland**, one pair each in the two lobes of the thyroid gland.

Answer 47

**Four**

Question 48

The **parathyroid glands** secrete a **peptide hormone** called _____________________. The secretion of this hormone is regulated by circulating levels of **calcium ions**

Answer 48

**parathyroid hormone (PTH)**

Question 49

**Parathyroid hormone (PTH)** increases the _____________ levels in the blood.

Answer 49

**Ca²⁺**

Question 50

**PTH (parathyroid hormone)** also stimulates reabsorption of **Ca²⁺** by the ___________ and increases **Ca²⁺** absorption from the digested food.

Answer 50

**Renal tubules**

Question 51

**PTH** is a ____________ hormone, i.e., it increases the blood **Ca²⁺** levels. Along with **TCT (thyrocalcitonin)**, it plays a significant role in calcium balance in the body

Answer 51

**Hypercalcemic Hormone**

Question 52

The **Thymus gland** is a lobular structure located between lungs behind ____________ on the ventral side of **aorta**

Answer 52

**Sternum**

Question 53

The **Thymus gland** plays a major role in the development of the ____________ system.

Answer 53

**Immune system**

Question 54

**Thymus gland** secretes the **peptide** hormones called ______________

Answer 54

**Thymosin**

Question 55

**Thymosin** play a major role in the differentiation of ______________________ , which provide **cell-mediated immunity**

Answer 55

**T- lymphocytes**

Question 56

**Thymosins** also promote production of **antibodies** to provide _____________ immunity.

Answer 56

**humoral immunity** a type of adaptive immunity that is mediated by antibodies, which are proteins produced by B cells in response to specific antigens.

Question 57

Our body has one pair of **adrenal glands**, on at the anterior part of each _______________

Answer 57

**Kidney**

Question 58

The **Adrenal gland** is composed of two types of tissues, The centrally located tissue is called the ___________________ , and outside this lies the _______________

Answer 58

**Adrenal medulla** **Adrenal cortex**

Question 59

Underproduction of hormones by the **adrenal cortex** alters carbohydrate metabolism causing acute weakness and fatigue leading to a disease called __________________

Answer 59

**Addison's disease**

Question 60

The **adrenal medulla** secretes two hormones called ______________ or **epinephrine** and _________________ or **norepinephrine**. These are commonly called **Catecholamines**

Answer 60

**Adrenaline** or epinephrine **Noradrenaline** or norepinephrine

Question 61

**Adrenaline** and **Noradrenaline** are rapidly secreted in response to **Stress** of any kind and during **Emergency** situations and are called ________________ hormones

Answer 61

**emergency hormones** or **hormones of fight or flight**

Question 62

The **adrenal cortex** can be divided into three layers, called __________ (inner layer) , _____________ (middle layer) and _______________ (outer layer).

Answer 62

**Zona reticularis** (inner layer) **Zona fasciculata** (Middle layer) **Zona glomerulosa** (outer layer) note:- remember the hormones names of each layer in the given figure

Question 63

The **adrenal cortex** secretes many hormones, commonly called as ______________

Answer 63

**Corticoids**

Question 64

The corticoids, which are involved in **carbohydrate** metabolism are called ___________________

Answer 64

**glucocorticoids**

Question 65

In our body, _____________ is the main **glucocorticoid**.

Answer 65

**Cortisol**

Question 66

**Corticoids**, which regulate the balance of water and electrolytes in our body are called ________________.

Answer 66

**Mineralocorticoids**

Question 67

__________________ is the main **mineralocorticoid** in our body.

Answer 67

**Aldosterone**

Question 68

_________________ acts mainly at the renal tubules and stimulates the reabsorption of **Na⁺** and water and excretion of **K⁺** and phosphate ions. thus it helps in the maintenance of **Electrolytes***, body fluid volume, osmotic pressure and blood pressure.

Answer 68

**Aldosterone***

Question 69

__________________ is a composite gland which acts as both **Exocrine** and **Endocrine gland**.

Answer 69

**Pancreas**

Question 70

The **endocrine** pancreas consists of ____________________

Answer 70

**Islets of Langerhans**

Question 71

There are about ________ to __________ million **islets of Langerhans** in a normal human pancreas representing only 1 to 2 percent of the pancreatic tissue.

Answer 71

**1** to **2**

Question 72

The two main types of cells in the **islet of Langerhans** are called _____________ and _____________ cells.

Answer 72

**α-cells** (alpha cells) **ß-cells** (beta cells)

Question 73

The **α-cells** secrete a hormone called _____________ while the **ß-cells** secrete ______________

Answer 73

**Glucagon** **Insulin**

Question 74

**Glucagon** acts mainly on the **liver cells** (hepatocytes) and stimulates __________________ resulting in an **increased** blood sugar (**Hyperglycemia**).

Answer 74

**glycogenolysis**

Question 75

Glucagon reduces the cellular glucose uptake and utilisation. Thus **glucagon** is a _________________ hormone

Answer 75

**Hyperglycemic hormone**

Question 76

**Insulin** acts mainly on hepatocytes and adipocytes (cells of adipose tissue), and enhances cellular glucose uptake and utilisation. as a result there is a rapid movement of glucose from blood to hepatocytes and adipocytes resulting in **decreased blood glucose** levels called _________________

Answer 76

**hypoglycemia**

Question 77

Insulin also stimulates conversion of **glucose** to **glycogen** (______________)

Answer 77

**glycogenesis**

Question 78

Prolonged **hyperglycemia** leads to a complex disorder called _______________ which is associated with **loss of glucose** through **urine** and formation of harmful compounds known as **Ketone bodies**

Answer 78

**diabetes mellitus**

Question 79

A pair of **testis** is present in the __________ sac (outside abdomen) of male individuals

Answer 79

**Scrotal sac**

Question 80

Testis performs dual functions as a **primary sex organ** as well as an ________________

Answer 80

**Endocrine gland**

Question 81

Testis is composed of ________________ tubules and **stromal** or __________________ tissue

Answer 81

**seminiferous tubules** **interstitial tissue**

Question 82

The ______________ cells or **interstitial cells**, which are present in the intertubular spaces produce a group of hormones called **Androgens** mainly ________________________

Answer 82

**Leydig cells** **testosterone**

Question 83

______________ is the **primary female sex organ** which produces one **ovum** during each menstrual cycle.

Answer 83

**ovary**

Question 84

**Ovary** also produces two groups of **Steroid** hormones called ________________ and _________________

Answer 84

**Estrogen** **Progesterone**

Question 85

**Ovary is composed of ________________ follicles and **stromal tissues**

Answer 85

**Ovarian follicles**

Question 86

The ________________ is synthesised and secreted mainly by the growing **Ovarian follicle**

Answer 86

**Estrogen**

Question 87

After **Ovulation**, the ruptured follicle is converted to a structure called _____________ **luteum***, which secretes mainly __________________ hormone

Answer 87

**Corpus Luteum** **Progesterone**

Question 88

_______________ produce wide ranging actions such as stimulation of growth and activities of female secondary sex organs, **Development** of growing ovarian follicles, **Appreance of female secondary sex characters (ex high pitch voice), **mammary gland** development and also regulate female sexual behaviour.

Answer 88

**Estrogen**

Question 89

__________________ supports **pregnancy**, also acts on the mammary glands and stimulates the formation of alveoli (sac-like structures which store milk) and **milk secretion**

Answer 89

**Progesterone**

Question 90

**Hormones** are also secreted by some tissues which are not **endocrine glands** ex- the **atrial wall** of our heart secretes a very important **peptide** hormones called ___________________ which decreases blood pressure

Answer 90

**atrial natriuretic factor (ANF)** note:- when blood pressure is increased, ANF is secreted which causes **dilation** of the blood vessels, This reduces the blood pressure.

Question 91

The **juxtaglomerular cells** of kidney produce a **peptide hormone** called ____________________ which stimulates erythropoiesis (formation of RBC).

Answer 91

**erythropoietin**

Question 92

Endocrine cells present in different parts of the **gastro-intestinal tract** secrete **four** major **peptide hormones** namely 1.___________________ 2.__________________ 3.__________________ 4.__________________

Answer 92

**Gastrin** **Secretin** **Cholecystokinin (CCK)** **Gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP)**

Question 93

**Gastrin** acts on the **Gastric glands** and stimulates the secretion of _______________ and _________________

Answer 93

**Hydrochloric acid** **pepsinogen**

Question 94

**Secretin** acts on the **exocrine** pancreas and stimulates secretion of ____________ and ______________ ions.

Answer 94

**water** **bicarbonate ions**

Question 95

**Cholecystokinin (CCK)** acts on both **pancreas and gall bladder** and stimulates the secretion of **Pancreatic enzymes** and ___________ juice

Answer 95

**Bile Juice**

Question 96

____________ inhibits gastric secretion and motility

Answer 96

**Gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP)**

Question 97

**Hormones** produce their effects on target tissues by binding to specific **protein** called _________________ receptors located in the target tissues only.

Answer 97

**Hormone receptors**

Question 98

Binding of a hormone to its receptors leads to the formation of a ____________________ complex.

Answer 98

**Hormone-receptor complex** note:- in diagram its mentions that the **second messenger** is **Cyclic AMP** or **Ca⁺⁺**