Chapter 19 shaping

Question 1

The process of systematically and differentially reinforcing successive approximations to a terminal behavior.

Answer 1

Shaping

Question 2

The end product of shaping—___ ___________ _______—can be claimed when the topography, frequency, latency, duration, or amplitude/magnitude of the target behavior reaches a predetermined criterion level.

Answer 2

A terminal behavior

Question 3

Two key procedural components of shaping are _____________ __________, and ___________ __________.

Answer 3

differential reinforcement and successive approximations.

Question 4

A procedure in which reinforcement is provided for responses that share a predetermined dimension or quality, and in which reinforcement is withheld for responses that do not demonstrate that quality

Answer 4

Differential reinforcement

Question 5

1. Responses similar to those that have been reinforced occur with greater frequency, and
2. Responses resembling the unreinforced members are emitted less frequently (i.e., they undergo extinction).

Answer 5

Two effects of Differential reinforcement

Question 6

The dual effects of differential reinforcement result in ________ _________, the emergence of a new response class composed primarily of responses sharing the characteristics of the previously reinforced subclass.

Answer 6

Response differentiation,

Question 7

The gradually changing criterion for reinforcement during shaping results in a succession of ___ ________ _______, or __________ ____________, each one closer in form to the terminal behavior than the response class it replaces.

Answer 7

new response classes or successive approximations

Question 8

Behavior can be shaped in terms of:

Answer 8

Topography, 
Frequency, 
Latency, 
Duration, and 
Amplitude/Magnitude

Question 9

Form of the behavior

Answer 9

Topography

Question 10

Number of responses per unit of time

Answer 10

Frequency,

Question 11

The time between the onset of the antecedent stimulus and the occurrence of the behavior

Answer 11

Latency,

Question 12

Total elapsed time for the occurrence of the behavior

Answer 12

Duration, and

Question 13

Response strength or force

Answer 13

Amplitude/Magnitude

Question 14

Shaping behavior _______ _________ ________ ___________ means that select members of a response class are differentially reinforced, whereas members of other response classes are not reinforced.

Answer 14

across different response topographies

Question 15

Shaping a behavior ______ a ________ ________means that the form of the behavior remains constant, but differential reinforcement is applied to another measurable dimension of the behavior.

Answer 15

within a response topography

Question 16

In _________, the antecedent stimulus stays the same, while the response progressively becomes more differentiated

Answer 16

Shaping

Question 17

In _________ ______, The antecedent stimulus changes gradually, while the response stays essentially the same.

Answer 17

stimulus fading

Question 18

1. Using a discriminative stimulus,
2. A vocal prompt,
3. Physical guidance,
4. An imitative prompt, or priming.

Any prompt that is introduced is later faded

Answer 18

Ways to improve efficiency of shaping.

Question 19

A science-based system for shaping behavior using positive reinforcement.

Answer 19

Clicker training

Question 20

A handheld device that produces a click sound when a metal tab is pressed, provides the signal that when a behavior is being performed in the presence of the click, reinforcement follows

Answer 20

The clicker

Question 21

________- sources of distraction during shaping enhances the effectiveness of the process

Answer 21

Eliminating