Chapter 19 (The Worlds Of North And South)

Question 1

Geography of the North

Answer 1

Climate - summers-hot, humid ; winters-cold, snowy
Natural Features - bays, inlets, rocky soil, streams, hillsides, forests, valleys, some rich soil in the plains
Causes - shipbuilding, fishing, and commerce (coastal cities) ; traded and crafted (inland cities) ; chopped timber (valleys and forested areas) ; farmed (southern states) ; deforestation

Question 2

Geography of the South

Answer 2

Climate - summers-long, hot, humid ; winters-mild, rainy
Natural Features - fertile lowlands, Appalachian Mountains, hills, mountains, swamps, marshes, soggy soil, pine forests, large rivers
Causes - lifestyle based on farming ; grew rice, sugarcane, tobacco, indigo, and corn ; gathered fish, oysters, and crabs ; chopped timber ; homes and highways built along rivers ; traded cash crops

Question 3

Economy of the North

Answer 3

• Industrial Revolution spread to the US in the early 1800s
• new class of industrialists, factories, business, and manufacturing
• textile mills/factories, steam engines in power machinery, sewing machine, reaper
• improvements in manufacturing, trade, and transportation

Question 4

Economy of the South

Answer 4

• most Southerners were agrarians and plantation owners or workers
• the cotton gin was invented in 1793 by Eli Whitney
• by 1860, cotton was the most important crop and export in the US
• it spread to the west and slaves began working in the west
• few factories
• one factory made ammunition, weapons (for US Army), steam engines, rails, and locomotives

Question 5

Transportation in the North

Answer 5

• the National Road was built in 1806 to connect the west and east
• in 1807, Robert Fulton proved the practicality of the steamship and they became very popular in the 1820s
• Lake Erie and other canals were built in the 1820s
• clipper ships were developed in the 1840s for overseas trade
• by the 1840s, there were 20,000 miles of railroads and steam engine locomotives

Question 6

Transportation in the South

Answer 6

• people and goods moved on the rivers
• cotton was the most important product
• many towns and cities developed on the waterways
• 10,000 miles of railroads built to ship products

Question 7

Society in the North

Answer 7

• very few powerful and wealthy
• people started moving into towns and cities
• roles of men and women started to change
• cities lacked sewers and paved streets and were dirty and crowded, diseases spread rapidly
• wanted to end slavery (African Americans formed churches, started businesses, but worked as laborers and servants)
• push and pull factors brought 4 million immigrants to the US from 1820 to 1860
• Irish immigrants faced hostility
• 1/3 were Irish, many others were German

Question 8

Society in the South

Answer 8

• measured wealth in land and slaves (created a rigid social structure)
• slavery affected everyone including religion and did not want to change their economy and culture
• white Southerners - dominated economy and politics ; had parties and social visits ; wealthy were educated (others were illiterate) ; most owned land ; 1/4 owned slaves
• African Americans - very few were free, but had to wear badges, pay more taxes, and live separately ; most were craftsmen, servants, or laborers ; many were slaves ; some worked as cooks, carpenters, blacksmiths, house servants, or nursemaids, most were field hands