Chapter 19.5 Regulation of Breathing-Respiratory System

Question 1

What is Main regulatory centre for Regulation of Breathing?

Answer 1

medulla oblongata

Question 2

What does pon help?

Answer 2

Helps to fine-tune breathing and Smooth transition from inhaling to exhaling

Question 3

What are groups for Medulla oblongata?

Answer 3

Dorsal respiratory group (DRG) and Ventral respiratory group (VRG)

Question 4

What does DRG signal and what muscles are attatched?

Answer 4

Signals inspiratory muscles via phrenic nerve and diaphragm and external intercostals are attatched

Question 5

What does VRG set?

Answer 5

Sets rhythm – pacemaker cells

Question 6

What does Upper pons-pneumotaxic centre modulate?

Answer 6

Modulates lower pons and makes breathing smooth

Question 7

What does Lower pons – apneustic centre fine-tune?

Answer 7

Fine-tunes signals from medulla to inspiratory muscles

Question 8

What does Cerebral cortex involve?

Answer 8

involves voluntary holding of breath

Question 9

What does Limbic system involve?

Answer 9

involves laughing or crying or pain

Question 10

What does Autonomic nervous system increase?

Answer 10

Increase in sympathetic stimulation = increases rate and depth of breathing

Question 11

What is it that have opposite effect to Autonomic nervous system?

Answer 11

Parasympathetic

Question 12

What does ‘Irritation to airway structures’ signal?

Answer 12

signals reflex that inhibits breathing

Question 13

What does increased body temperature due to temperature lead to?

Answer 13

leads to increased rate of breathing

Question 14

What medications will inhibit and stimulate respiration?

Answer 14

General anaesthetic, morphine,and alcohol will inhibit,
and amphetamines will stimulate respiration

Question 15

When will breathing rate and depth increase?

Answer 15

When oxygen decreases, or if carbon dioxide and/or hydrogen ions increase

Question 16

Where are Stretch receptors?

Answer 16

In smooth muscles of airways

Question 17

What do Stretch receptors prevent?

Answer 17

Prevent over-inflation

Question 18

What will Deep inhalation cause?

Answer 18

Deep inhalation will stimulate stretch receptors and inhibit DRG

Question 19

Where are Peripheral chemoreceptors?

Answer 19

In carotid arteries, and aortic arch

Question 20

What do Peripheral chemoreceptors detect?

Answer 20

Detect low O2 and high H+

Question 21

Where are Central chemoreceptors?

Answer 21

In medulla oblongata

Question 22

What do Central chemoreceptors detect?

Answer 22

Detect high CO2 by detecting high H+

Question 23

What do Carotid bodies detect?

Answer 23

Detects changes in composition of arterial blood

Question 24

are Carotid bodies mainly partial pressure of arterial oxygen? if so, what would it also be partial pressure of?

Answer 24

Mainly partial pressure of arterial oxygen, but also of carbon dioxide

Question 25

What are Carotid bodies also sensitive to?

Answer 25

Also sensitive to changes in blood pH, and temperature

Question 26

What does increased lactic acid increase?

Answer 26

H+ concentrations

Question 27

Where are H+ concentrations only increased?

Answer 27

in venous circulation

Question 28

Is lactic acid primary and main stimulus?

Answer 28

No

Question 29

Where is oxygen only decreased?

Answer 29

only in venous circulation

Question 30

What is strongest stimulus?

Answer 30

CO2

Question 31

What is cardiac output?

Answer 31

limiting factor in ability to do strenuous exercise

Question 32

What stimulations cause Coughing and Sneezing?

Answer 32

Stimulation from receptors in nose or pharynx

Question 33

What would Stimulation from receptors in nose or pharynx cause?

Answer 33

medulla oblongata to stimulate long inhalation with forced expiration

Question 34

Where do Voluntary control of breathing originate?

Answer 34

in cerebral cortex frontal lobe