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anatomy and physiology > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Four atoms that make up 96% of body’s weight

A

Carbon (C), Hydrogen Oxygen (O), and Nitrogen (N)

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2
Q

characteristics of an atom

A
  • functional unit of an element
  • smallest stable unit of matter that retaines the properties/ characteristics of an element
  • contains protons, neutrons, and surrounding electrons
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3
Q

element

A

pure substance composed of only one atom

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4
Q

compound

A

2 or more different elements

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5
Q

molecule

A

formed when two or more elements combined

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6
Q

What charge does a proton have?

A

positive charge

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7
Q

What charge does a neutron gave?

A

no charge

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8
Q

What charge does electrons have?

A

negative charge

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9
Q

How many electrons an be in the innermost shell of an atom have?

A

2

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10
Q

How many electrons can an atom have in its outer shells?

A

8

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11
Q

Atomic number

A

the number of protons in the nucleus; determines the identity of an element

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12
Q

mass number

A

number of protons+number of neutrons

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13
Q

How are molecules formed?

A

when atoms bond to each other by covalent bonds

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14
Q

How are compounds created?

A

when atoms of different elements bond

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15
Q

How are ions formed?

A

when an atom gains or loses electrons to become more stable

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16
Q

cation

A

positive ion; lost electrons

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17
Q

anion

A

negative ion; gained electrons

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18
Q

How are ionic bonds formed?

A

when positive and negative ions attract each other because of electrical attraction?

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19
Q

What creates salts?

A

Ionic bonds

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20
Q

dissociate

A

to break above, dissolve

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21
Q

What are electrolytes?

A

salts that dissociates in water at to form individual ions, very week bonds

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22
Q

How are covalent bonds created?

A

when atoms share electrons

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23
Q

atoms that share one pair of electrons

A

single bond

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24
Q

atoms that share 2 pairs of electrons

A

double bond

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25
Q

atoms that share 3 pairs of electrons

A

triple bond

26
Q

What kind of bond do organic molecules have?

A

carbon-carbon covalent bonds

27
Q

Is water an organic molecule?

A

No! Water’s an inorganic molecule

28
Q

a liquid into which particles are dissolved

A

solvent

29
Q

partical that is dissolved

A

solute

30
Q

molecules that dissolve in water are…?

A

hydrophilic

31
Q

molecules that do not dissolve in water easily are…?

A

hydrophobic

32
Q

creation on macromolecules involve…

A

dehydration synthesis

33
Q

breakdown of macromolecules involve…

A

hydrolysis

34
Q

macromolecule

A

a large molecule

35
Q

subsances that release hydrogen ions

A

acids

36
Q

substances that releases hydroxide ions

A

bases

37
Q

blood pH less than 7.35

A

acidosis

38
Q

blood pH greater than 7.45

A

alkalosis

39
Q

chemical that take up excess hydrogen or hydroxide ions

A

buffer

40
Q

What do carbohydrates contain

A

carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

41
Q

simple carbohydrates

A

have a low number of carbon atoms (3-7)

42
Q

monosaccharides

A

simple sugars

43
Q

examples of monosaccharides

A

glucose, fructose, galactose

44
Q

main carbohydrate building block

A

glucose

45
Q

disaccharides

A

two monosaccharides joined together by dehydration reaction

46
Q

examples of disaccharides

A

sucrose (table sugar), lactose (milk sugar), maltose (grain sugar)

47
Q

polysaccharides

A

contain many glucose subunits

48
Q

starch

A

storage form of glucose in plants

49
Q

glycogen

A

storage form of glucose in animals

50
Q

cellulose

A

found in plant cell walls

51
Q

difference between fats and oils

A

Fats

  • usually animal origin
  • solid at room temp
  • used for long term energy storage, insulation, and cushioning

Oils

  • usually plant origin
  • liquid at room temp
52
Q

triglycerides

A

formed when one glycerol molecule reacts with the 3 fatty acid tails

53
Q

cholesterol

A

a structural component of the animal cell membrane; stabilizes the phospholipids tails in cellular membranes. It is also used to make steroid type hormones.

54
Q

proteins

A

very large molecules made up of amino acids help together in long folded chains by peptide bonds

55
Q

dipeptide

A

2 amino acids joined together

56
Q

polypeptide

A

3 or more amino acids joined together (proteins are large polypeptides)

57
Q

denaturation

A

irreversible change in the normal shape of a protein due to extremes in heat or pH

58
Q

nucleic acids

A

huge macromolecules composed or nucleotides

59
Q

Nucleotides are composed of 3 subunit molecules…

A
  1. a phosphate
  2. a pentose sugar
  3. a nitrogen containing base
60
Q

2 different types of nucleic acids base on function and sugar present

A

DNA and RNA

61
Q

ATP

A

modified nucleic acid

anatomy and physiology (4 decks)

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