Chapter 2 Flashcards
(36 cards)
1
Q
Define Spotlight Effect
A
- belief that others are paying more attention to our appearance and behavior than they really are
2
Q
Define Illusion of Transparency and give example
A
- illusion that our concealed emotions leak out and can be read by others
- Ex: facial expressions to show happy, sad, etc. mood
3
Q
Define Self-Concept and give example
A
- what we know and believe about ourselves; how we see ourselves
- I am a friend, I am humble, etc.
4
Q
Define Self-Schema
A
- belief about self that organizes and guides the processing of self-relevant information; how we define ourselves because of specific beliefs
5
Q
Define Self-Reference Effect
A
- when we process info more efficiently and remember it better when we can relate it back to ourselves
6
Q
Define Possible Selves
A
- ideas and images of what we dream or dread becoming in the future
7
Q
Define Social Identity
A
- any group membership by which one categorizes or defines oneself
8
Q
List 3 factors in the Development of the Social Self
A
1.) social comparisons
2.) success & failure
3.) others judgements
9
Q
Define Individualism and name what culture it most belongs to
A
- giving priority to one’s own goals over group goals; independent self
- western culture
10
Q
Define Collectivism and name what culture it mostly belongs to
A
- giving priority to goals of group; interdependent self
- asian culture
11
Q
Define what it is to predict our feelings
A
- affective forecasting; predicting how you will feel in the future
12
Q
Example of predicting our feelings
A
- “Daffodil Days”; book about students actually buying daffodils compared to how many just SAID they would
- we often “miswant”
13
Q
Define Planning Fallacy
A
- prediction about how much time will be needed to complete a future task
14
Q
Define Impact Bias
A
- how good or bad we will feel in the future; overestimating the lasting effects of emotional events
15
Q
Form of Impact Bias in response to negative events
A
Immune Neglect
16
Q
Define Immune Neglect and give an example
A
- form of impact bias in response to negative events, in which people fail to predict how much of their psychological immune system will speed up their recovery
- grief
17
Q
Define dual attitude system and explain both types
A
- differing implicit(automatic) and explicit(consciously controlled) attitudes toward the same object
1.) implicit attitudes may change slowly, with practice that forms new habits
2.) verbalized explicit attitudes may change with education and persuasion
18
Q
Define Self-Esteem
A
- a person’s overall self-evaluation or sense of self-worth
19
Q
Define Self-Efficacy and give an example
A
- a sense that one is competent and effective, distinguished from self-esteem which is one’s sense of self-worth
- sharpshooter in military may feel high self-efficacy because they are good at what they do but low self esteem
20
Q
Define Locus of Control
A
- individual’s perception about the underlying main causes of events in life; how much control a person feels that they have over their own behavior
21
Q
Define Attribution Theory
A
- relates to the way in which people use information to explain their own behavior and that of others
22
Q
List and define 2 types of Attribution in Attribution Theory
A
- dispositional(internal) attribution assigns cause of behavior to some internal characteristic of a person; such as personality traits
- situational(external) attribution assigns cause of behavior to some situation outside a person’s control; situational or environmental factors
23
Q
Define Self-Serving Bias
A
- a tendency to perceive oneself favorably
24
Q
A form of Self-Serving Bias
A
Self-Serving Attribution
25
Define Self-Serving Attribution
- the tendency to attribute positive outcomes to oneself and negative outcomes to other factors
26
Define Learned Helplessness
- a state that occurs after a person has experienced a stressful situation repeatedly; they come to believe that they are unable to control or change the situation so they do not try; even when opportunities for change become available
27
Define Unrealistic Optimism (Unrealistic Positivity)
- when someone predicts that a personal future outcome will be more favorable than others
28
Define Defensive Pessimism
- considered a coping technique used by individuals who set low expectations for situations regardless of prior success; these negative expectations are used to alleviate individuals' anxiety about situations by motivating them to plan ways to avoid the chances of poor outcomes
29
Define False Uniqueness Effect
- the tendency to underestimate the commonality of one's abilities and one's desirable or successful behaviors; ex: you are not the only one who may be good at something; there are others just as good or better
30
Define False Consensus Effect
- the tendency to overestimate the commonality of one's opinions and one's undesirable or unsuccessful behaviors; Ex: stereotyping; just because one does something bad doesn't mean they all do
31
Define Downward Social Comparisons
- person experiencing something negative can enhance their subjective well-being through comparison with a less fortunate other; Ex: it could always be worse
32
Define Impression Management
- conscious or subconscious process in which people attempt to influence the perceptions of other people about a person; orchestrating our behaviors in order to make a desired impression
33
List 3 types of Impression Management
1.) self-handicapping
2.) self-presentation
3.) self-monitoring
34
Define Self-Handicapping and give example
- creating or pointing out impediments to success to protect against negative evaluation in the case of failure
- Ex: I didn't sleep well last night so I might not do as well on this speech
35
Define Self-Presentation and list 3 strategies
- process of behaving in ways that attempt to present a desired impression of ourselves
1.) behavioral matching
2.) conforming to situational norms
3.) flattery
36
Define Self-Monitoring
- understanding how we present ourselves within different social situations and adjusting our behaviors to create a desired impression; code-switching
