Chapter 2

Question 1

What is the most abundant molecule in the human body?

Answer 1

water

Question 2

What % of the human body is made of water?

Answer 2

60-70%

Question 3

What Molecule is most critical for life on earth?

Answer 3

Water

Question 4

Why is water the most important molecule?

Answer 4

-it is a polar molecule
-It can form Hydrogen Bonds

Question 5

What are the 4 major classes of Molecules?

Answer 5

Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acid

Question 6

What do all organic material have?

Answer 6

Carbon

Question 7

Where are Carbohydrates found?

Answer 7

Found in Grains Fruits and vegetables

Question 8

3 main subtypes of Carbohydrates

Answer 8

Monosaccharides Disaccharides Polysaccharides

Question 9

What do Monosaccharides exist as?

Answer 9

Either linear chains or ring shaped molecules

Question 10

Assume ring structure in
aqueous solutions

Answer 10

• Five- and six-carbon monosaccharides
  exist in equilibrium between linear and
  ring forms
• Ring forms and the side chain it closes
  on is locked into an α or β position
• Fructose and ribose also form rings
• they form five-membered rings as
  opposed to the six-membered ring of
  glucose

Question 11

DISACCHARIDE FORMATION

Answer 11

Disaccharides form when two
monosaccharides are linked in a
dehydration reaction

Question 12

Example of disacride

Answer 12

Fructose + Glucose= Sucrose

Question 13

How are 2 monomers linked together?

Answer 13

Joined By a glycosidic bond. Resulting in a 1,2 glycosidic bond.

Question 14

What are the 2 components of starch?

Answer 14

Amylose and Amylopectin

Question 15

Amylose structure

Answer 15

Unbranched 1-4 glucose bonds

Question 16

Amylopectin structure

Answer 16

Branched 1-4 or 1-6 glycosidic bonds

Question 17

Where is Cellulose found

Answer 17

In plant walls

Question 18

Cellulose structure

Answer 18

Unbranched glucose linked in a chain 1-4. Each chain is flipped resulting in a linear structure.

Question 19

A person is lactose intolerant what type of molecule is lactose?

Answer 19

Disaccharide

Question 20

What is high Fructose corn syrup

Answer 20

Fermented corn and a mix of the 3 different carbs.

Question 21

Are lipids polar or non-polar?

Answer 21

Non-polar

Question 22

Do Non polar hydrocarbons repel water?

Answer 22

Yes, Non carbon hydrocarbons repel water.

Question 23

Functions of lipids

Answer 23

-Long term energy storage
-provides insulation from environment for insulation
-serves as building blocks for some hormones
-Important component of some membranes

Question 24

5 types of lipids

Answer 24

1.) waxes
2.) Fats
3.) Oils
4.) Phospholipids
5.) Steroids

Question 25

example of lipids

Answer 25

glycerol or fatty acid

Question 26

Common saturated fatty acid

Answer 26

stearic acid

Question 27

What do saturated fatty acids have that unsaturated do not?

Answer 27

Double Carbon Bonds

Question 28

Are saturated fats solids or liquid at room temp?

Answer 28

Solids

Question 29

Are unsaturated fats solids or liquids at room temp?

Answer 29

Liquids referred to as oils

Question 30

Common Unsaturated fatty acid

Answer 30

oleic acid

Question 31

What is it called when there is one carbon to carbon double bond in an unsaturated fat?

Answer 31

Monounsaturated fat

Question 32

What is it called when there is more than one carbon to carbon double bond in an unsaturated fat?

Answer 32

Polyunsaturated fat

Question 33

Does trans acid have a kink?

Answer 33

There is no kink

Question 34

essential fatty acids

Answer 34

Required but not created by the body must be taken in (omega 3) These are heart healthy

Question 35

waxes

Answer 35

long chains of fatty acids hydrophobic found on the feathers of some aquatic birds and plants leaves

Question 36

Phospholipids

Answer 36

-molecule with two fatty acids and a modified phosphate group attached to a glycerol backbone -The phosphate may be modified by the addition of charged or polar chemical groups

Question 37

2 common phospholipids

Answer 37

choline and serine

Question 38

What are phospholipids crucial to

Answer 38

plasma membrane

Question 39

steroids

Answer 39

-have a closed ring structure -4 linked carbon rings -many with a short tail

Question 40

steroids conti.

Answer 40

-Hydrophobic -synthesized in liver -Precursor to other hormones such as testosterone and estradiol - Precursor to vitamin D - Precursor to bile salts

Question 41

Common type of steroid

Answer 41

Cholesterol

Question 42

Protein functions

Answer 42

Digestive enzymes Transport Structural Hormones Defense Contractile Storage

Question 43

Monomers that make up proteins

Answer 43

Amino Acids

Question 44

How are amino acids linked

Answer 44

Linked via peptide bond formation

Question 45

Protein denature and folding

Answer 45

Protein structure and shape can be changed if chemical interactions are broken

Question 46

How can protein structure be changed

Answer 46

Change in temp change in PH

Question 47

Denaturation

Answer 47

changes in protein structure that lead to changes in function

Question 48

What are the Hydrogen Bonds in water

Answer 48

polar covalent bonds

Question 49

What are the charges of oxygen and hydrogen in water

Answer 49

Oxygen is negative Hydrogen is Positive

Question 50

3 states of water

Answer 50

liquid- constantly making new bonds gas- water is heated causing bonds to break molecules to escape into air -solid water- temp is lowered crystal structure is maintained

Question 51

heat capacity

Answer 51

specific heat capacity refers to the amount of heat one gram of substance must absorb to raise 1 degree C - Means water takes a long time to heat up and cool down

Question 52

Heat of vaporization

Answer 52

The amount of energy required to change one gram of a liquid substance to gas -water has a high heat of vaporization

Question 53

Cohesion in water

Answer 53

water molecules stick together at the liquid-gas interface due to hydrogen bonding

Question 54

Surface tension

Answer 54

due to cohesion in water