Chapter 2

Question 1

Sample

Answer 1

a small group of participants, out of the total number available, that a researcher studies.

Question 2

Random sample

Answer 2

researchers randomly select individuals to represent the entire group.

Question 3

naturalistic observation

Answer 3

research method in which the psychologist observes the subject in a natural setting without interfering

Question 4

case study

Answer 4

a research method that involves an intensive investigation of one or more participants

Question 5

Survey

Answer 5

research method in which information is obtained by asking many individuals fixed questions

Question 6

Longitudinal study

Answer 6

A study where data is collected about a group of participants over a number of years to assess how certain characteristics change or remain the same during development

Question 7

Cross-sectional study

Answer 7

A study where data is collected from groups of participants of different ages and compared so that conclusions can be drawn about differences due to age

Question 8

Correlation

Answer 8

the measure of a relationship between two variables or sets of data

Question 9

Variable

Answer 9

any factor that is capable of change

Question 10

Experimental group

Answer 10

the group to which an independent variable is applied

Question 11

Control group

Answer 11

the group that is treated the same way as the experimental group except that the experimental treatment is not applied

Question 12

Self-fulfilling prophecy

Answer 12

A situation in which a researcher’s expectations influence that person’s own behavior, and influence the participant’s behavior

Question 13

Single-blind study

Answer 13

An experiment in which the participants are unaware of which participants received treatment

Question 14

Double-blind study

Answer 14

An experiment in which neither the experimenter nor the participants know who received the treatment

Question 15

Statistics

Answer 15

A branch of math concerned with summarizing and making meaningful inferences from collections of data

Question 16

Correlation study

Answer 16

A study that is conducted to determine the relationship between two variables

Question 17

Dependent variable

Answer 17

the variable that changes in relation to the independent variable

Question 18

Independent variable

Answer 18

A variable that the experimenter can manipulate and is not changed by other variables.

Question 19

Placebo effect

Answer 19

When a participant’s illness changes solely from the belief the treatment will be effective

Question 20

Mode

Answer 20

the score the occurs most frequently in a distribution

Question 21

Mean

Answer 21

arithmetic average of a distribution. The most common measure of central tendency.

Question 22

Median

Answer 22

the middle score ranked in the distribution

Question 23

Standard Deviation

Answer 23

How a computed measure varies around the mean score of a distribution

Question 24

Range

Answer 24

The simplest measure of variability
Max - min, +1

Question 25

Name four APA guidelines for experiments that are in place to protect human participants

Answer 25

1) Deception should only be used if it is the only option 2)Must obey state & fed laws and maintain a professional standard 3)The welfare and confidentiality of participants should be protected 4)Participants should be debriefed after the research/experiment is conducted