Chapter 2 Flashcards
(107 cards)
1
Q
Anatomic Reference Systems
A
Terms used to describe the location of body planes, directions, and cavities.
2
Q
Structures of the Body
A
The cells, tissues, and glands that form the body systems that work together to enable the body to function properly.
3
Q
Genetics
A
The genetic components that transfer characteristics from parents to their child.
4
Q
Tissues
A
A group of similarly specialized cells that work together to perform specific functions.
5
Q
Glands
A
A group of specialized cells that is capable of producing secretions.
6
Q
Body Systems and Related Organs
A
Organs are somewhat independent parts of the body that perform specific functions. Organs with related functions are organized into body systems.
7
Q
Pathology
A
The study of the nature and cause of disease that involve changes in structure and function.
8
Q
aden/o
A
gland
9
Q
adip/o
A
fat
10
Q
anter/o
A
before, front
11
Q
caud/o
A
lower part of body, tail
12
Q
cephal/o
A
head
13
Q
cyt/o, -cyte
A
cell
14
Q
end-, endo-
A
in, within, inside
15
Q
exo-
A
out of, outside, away from
16
Q
hist/o
A
tissue
17
Q
-ologist
A
specialist
18
Q
-ology
A
the science or study of
19
Q
path/o, -pathy
A
disease, suffering, feeling, emotion
20
Q
plas/i, plas/o, -plasia
A
development, growth, formation
21
Q
poster/o
A
behind, toward the back
22
Q
-stasis, -static
A
control, maintenance of a constant level
23
Q
abdominal cavity (ab-DOM-ih-nal)
A
The body cavity that contains the major organs of digestion.
24
Q
adenectomy (ad-eh-NECK-toh-mee)
A
The surgical removal of a gland.
25
adenocarcinoma (ad-eh-noh-kar-sih-NOH-mah)
A malignant tumor that originates in glandular tissue.
26
adenoma (ad-eh-NOH-mah)
A benign tumor that arises in or resembles glandular tissue.
27
adenomalacia (ad-eh-noh-mah-LAY-shee-ah)
Abnormal softening of a gland.
28
adenosclerosis (ad-eh-noh-skleh-ROH-sis)
Abnormal hardening of a gland.
29
anaplasia (an-ah-PLAY-zee-ah)
A change in the structure of cells and in their orientation to each other.
30
anatomy (ah-NAT-oh-mee)
The study of the structures of the body.
31
anomaly (ah-NOM-ah-lee)
A deviation from what is regarded as normal.
32
anterior (an-TEER-ee-or)
Situated in front.
33
aplasia (ah-PLAY-zee-ah)
The defective development or congenital absence of an organ or tissue.
34
bloodborne transmission
The spread of a disease through contact with blood or other body fluids contaminated with blood.
35
caudal (KAW-dal)
Toward the lower part of the body.
36
cephalic (seh-FAL-ick)
Toward the head.
37
chromosome (KROH-moh-sohme)
A genetic structure located within the nucleus of each cell.
38
communicable disease (kuh-MEW-nih-kuh-bul)
Any disease transmitted from one person to another either directly or by indirect contact with contaminated objects.
39
congenital disorder (kon-JEN-ih-tahl)
An abnormal condition that exists at the time of birth.
40
cytoplasm (SIGH-toh-plazm)
The material located within the cell membrane that is not part of the nucleus.
41
distal (DIS-tal)
Situated farthest from the midline or beginning of a body structure.
42
dorsal (DOR-sal)
Back of the body or organ.
43
dysplasia (dis-PLAY-see-ah)
Abnormal development or growth of cells, tissues, or organs.
44
endemic (en-DEM-ick)
Referring to the ongoing presence of a disease, such as the common cold, within a population, group, or area.
45
endocrine glands (EN-doh-krin)
Glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream.
46
epidemic (ep-ih-DEM-ick)
A sudden and widespread outbreak of a disease within a specific population group or area.
47
epigastric region (ep-ih-GAS-trick)
The region located above the stomach.
48
etiology (ee-tee-OL-oh-jee)
The study of the causes of diseases.
49
exocrine glands (ECK-soh-krin)
Glands that secrete chemical substances into ducts leading either to other organs or out of the body.
50
functional disorder
Produces symptoms for which no physiological or anatomical cause can be identified.
51
genetic disorder
A pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene.
52
geriatrician (jer-ee-ah-TRISH-un)
A physician who specializes in the care of older people.
53
hemophilia (hee-moh-FILL-ee-ah)
A group of hereditary bleeding disorders in which a blood-clotting factor is missing.
54
histology (hiss-TOL-oh-jee)
The microscopic study of the structure, composition, and function of tissues.
55
homeostasis (hoh-mee-oh-STAY-sis)
The processes through which the body maintains a constant internal environment.
56
hyperplasia (high-per-PLAY-zee-ah)
The enlargement of an organ or tissue because of an abnormal increase in the number of cells in the tissues.
57
hypertrophy (high-PER-troh-fee)
A general increase in the bulk of a body part or organ that is due to an increase in the size, but not in the number, of the cells in the tissues.
58
hypogastric region (high-poh-GAS-trick)
The region of the abdomen that is located below the stomach.
59
hypoplasia (high-poh-PLAY-zee-ah)
The incomplete development of an organ or tissue usually due to a deficiency in the number of cells.
60
iatrogenic illness (eye-at-roh-JEN-ick)
Unfavorable response due to prescribed medical treatment.
61
idiopathic disorder (id-ee-oh-PATH-ick)
An illness without known cause.
62
infectious disease (in-FECK-shus)
Illness caused by a living pathogenic organisms such as bacteria and viruses.
63
inguinal (ING-gwih-nal)
Relating to the groin; refers to the entire lower portion of the abdomen including the groin.
64
medial (MEE-dee-al)
The direction toward or nearer the midline.
65
mesentery (MESS-en-terr-ee)
The fused double layer of the parietal peritoneum that attaches parts of the intestine to the interior abdominal wall.
66
midsagittal plane (mid-SADJ-ih-tal)
The vertical plane that divides the body, from top to bottom, into equal left and right halves.
67
nosocomial infection (nahs-oh-KOH-mee-al in-FECK-shun)
A disease acquired in a hospital or clinical setting.
68
pandemic (pan-DEM-ick)
A disease outbreak occurring over a large geographic area, possibly worldwide.
69
pelvic cavity (PEL-vick)
The space formed by the hip bones that contains the organs of the reproductive and excretory systems.
70
peritoneum (pehr-ih-toh-NEE-um)
The multilayered membrane that protects and holds the organs in place within the abdominal cavity.
71
peritonitis (pehr-ih-toh-NIGH-tis)
Inflammation of the peritoneum.
72
phenylketonuria (fen-il-kee-toh-NEW-ree-ah)
A genetic disorder in which the essential digestive enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase is missing.
73
physiology (fiz-ee-OL-oh-jee)
The study of the functions of the body structures.
74
posterior (pos-TEER-ee-or)
Situated in back or on the back part of an organ.
75
proximal (PROCK-sih-mal)
Situated nearest the midline or beginning of a body structure.
76
retroperitoneal (ret-roh-pehr-ih-toh-NEE-al)
Located behind the peritoneum.
77
stem cells
Unspecialized cells that renew themselves for long periods of time through cell division.
78
thoracic cavity (thoh-RAS-ick)
The cavity that surrounds and protects the heart and the lungs; also known as the chest cavity.
79
transverse plane (trans-VERSE)
The horizontal plane that divides the body into upper and lower portions.
80
umbilicus (um-BILL-ih-kus)
The pit in the center of the abdominal wall that marks where the umbilical cord was attached before birth.
81
vector-borne transmission
The spread of a disease due to the bite of a vector capable of transmitting that disease.
82
ventral (VEN-tral)
Refers to the front or belly side of the body or organ.
83
Cytology (sigh-TOL-oh-jee)
the study of the anatomy, physiology, pathology, and chemistry of the cell (cyt means cell, and -ology means study of).
84
cytologist (sigh-TOL-oh-jist)
a specialist in the study and analysis of cells
85
Adult stem cells, also known as somatic stem cells
are undifferentiated cells found among differentiated cells in a tissue or organ. Normally the primary role of these cells is to maintain and repair the tissue in which they are found
86
undifferentiated
not having a specialized function or structure. In contrast, the term differentiated means having a specialized function or structure.
87
somatic cell
any cell in the body except the gametes (sex cells). Somatic means pertaining to the body in general.
88
gamete
(sperm or egg), also known as a sex cell, is the only type of cell that does not contain 46 chromosomes.
89
Cystic fibrosis (CF)
a genetic disorder that is present at birth and affects both the respiratory and digestive systems
90
Down syndrome (DS)
a genetic variation that is associated with a characteristic facial appearance, learning disabilities, developmental delays, and physical abnormalities such as heart valve disease
91
Hemophilia (hee-moh-FILL-ee-ah)
a group of hereditary bleeding disorders in which a blood-clotting factor is missing. This blood coagulation disorder is characterized by spontaneous hemorrhages or severe bleeding following an injury.
92
Huntington’s disease (HD)
a genetic disorder that is passed from parent to child. Each child of a parent with the gene for Huntington’s disease has a 50–50 chance of inheriting this defective gene. This condition causes nerve degeneration with symptoms that most often appear in midlife. ( Degeneration means worsening condition.) This damage eventually results in uncontrolled movements and the loss of some mental abilities.
93
Muscular dystrophy (DIS-troh-fee)
a group of genetic diseases that are characterized by progressive weakness and degeneration of the skeletal muscles that control movement
94
Phenylketonuria (fen-il-kee-toh-NEW-ree-ah) (PKU)
a rare genetic disorder in which the essential digestive enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase is missing. PKU can be detected by a blood test performed on infants at birth
95
Epithelial tissue (ep-ih-THEE-lee-al)
Epithelial tissue (ep-ih-THEE-lee-al)
96
Epithelium (ep-ih-THEE-lee-um)
the specialized epithelial tissue that forms the epidermis of the skin and the surface layer of mucous membranes
97
Endothelium (en-doh-THEE-lee-um)
the specialized epithelial tissue that lines the blood and lymph vessels, body cavities, glands, and organs.
98
Connective tissues
support and connect organs and other body tissues.
99
Dense connective tissues
such as bone and cartilage, form the joints and framework of the body.
100
Adipose tissue
known as fat, provides protective padding, insulation, and support
101
Loose connective tissue
surrounds various organs and supports both nerve cells and blood vessels.
102
Liquid connective tissues
which are blood and lymph, transport nutrients and waste products throughout the body.
103
Muscle tissue
contains cells with the specialized ability to contract and relax.
104
Nerve tissue
contains cells with the specialized ability to react to stimuli and to conduct electrical impulses.
105
Adenitis (ad-eh-NIGH-tis)
the inflammation of a gland
106
adenocarcinoma (ad-eh-noh-kar-sih-NOH-mah)
a malignant tumor that originates in glandular tissue
107
