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CFS 3055 (Child Development 0-5) > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Genotype

A

An individuals unique genetic information

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2
Q

Phenotype

A

An individual’s directly observable characteristics

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3
Q

Chromosomes

A

Structures that store and transmit genetic information

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4
Q

DNA

A

Chemical substance of which chromosomes are made

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5
Q

Gene

A

Segment of DNA along the length of a chromosome

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6
Q

Protein-coding genes

A

Directly affect the body’s characteristics

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7
Q

Regulator genes

A

Modify instructions given by protein-coding genes

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8
Q

Meiosis

A

Cell devision process that halves the number of chromosomes normally present in body cells; shuffling of genes produces genetic variability (which is adaptive)

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9
Q

Gametes

A

Sex cells (sperm and ovum) created by meiosis

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10
Q

Zygote

A

Cell formed when sperm and ovum unite at conception; contains 46 chromosomes

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11
Q

Autosomes

A

22 matching pairs of chromosomes

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12
Q

Sex chromosomes

A

Twenty-third pair of chromosomes; XX in females, XY in males (X chromosome is relatively long, Y is short and carries little genetic material)

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13
Q

Fraternal (dizygotic) twins

A

Results from fertilization of two ova; no more alike than ordinary siblings

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14
Q

Identical (monozygotic) twins

A

Results from separation of a single zygote into two clusters of cells; have the same genetic makeup

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15
Q

Alleles

A

Two forms of a gene, one inherited from each parent; occur at same place on both chromosomes in a pair

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16
Q

Homozygous

A

Alleles from both parents are alike

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17
Q

Heterozygous

A

Alleles differ

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18
Q

Dominant-recessive inheritance

A

Only the dominant allele affects child’s characteristics; heterozygous individuals can be carries, homozygous inheritance of recessive alleles can cause serious disabilities and diseases
Example: PKU

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19
Q

Incomplete-dominance pattern

A

Both alleles expressed in phenotype; results in combined trait (or intermediate between the two)
Example: sickle cell trait

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20
Q

X-linked pattern

A

Harmful allele carried on X chromosome (males are more likely to be affected)
Examples: hemophilia, fragile X syndrome

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21
Q

Genomic imprinting

A

Chemical marking (imprinting) of alleles within the ovum or sperm; one pair member is silenced, the other is expressed regardless of its makeup
Example: Prader-Willi syndrome

22
Q

Mutation

A

Sudden, permanent change in segment of DNA

23
Q

Germline mutation

A

In cells that give rise to gametes

24
Q

Somatic mutation

A

Mutation of normal body cells

25
Q

Polygenic inheritance

A

Many genes affect a characteristic
Examples: height, weight, intelligence, personality

26
Q

Down syndrome

A

Most common chromosomal disorder; 95% of cases are results from failure of twenty-first pair of chromosomes to separate during meiosis; consequences include intellectual disability, memory and speech problems, limited vocabulary, slow motor development

27
Q

Abnormalities of sex chromosomes…

A

Often not recognized until adolescence; lead to specific cognitive challenges

28
Q

Genetic counseling

A

Helps couples assess risk of hereditary disorders and choose best course of action; individuals likely to seek counseling have had difficulties bearing children, know that genetic problems exist in their families, maternal age over 35, paternal age over 40

29
Q

Pedigree

A

Used to estimate likelihood that child will be affected by disorder

30
Q

Genome-wide testing methods

A

Look for genetic markers

31
Q

Available reproductive technologies

A

Donor insemination, in vitro fertilization, surrogate motherhood

32
Q

Ethical concerns of reproductive technologies

A

Postmenopausal childbearing, manipulation of genetic makeup/ “designer babies”, exploitation of financially needy women as surrogate mothers

33
Q

Prenatal diagnostic methods

A

Amniocentesis, chorionic villus sampling, fetoscopy, maternal blood analysis, ultrasound, ultrafast fetal magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), preimplantation genetic diagnosis

34
Q

Advances in fetal medicine

A

Administration of drugs to fetus, surgery to repair organ malformations and other defects, blood transfusions,

35
Q

Human genome project

A

Identified sequence of DNA bases in the human genome; identified genes involved in various disorders; prompted exploration of new treatments

36
Q

Gene therapy

A

Treat immune system dysfunction, cancer, blood disorders

37
Q

Proteomics

A

Modification of gene-specific proteins involved in particular diseases

38
Q

Adoptees’ challenges

A

Genetic predispositions, prenatal factors (maternal stress, poor diet, inadequate medical care), pre-adoptive history of unsupportive environment, differences between adoptive parents and children, identity challenges in integrating aspects of their birth family and adoptive family

39
Q

Environmental contexts of development

A

Family, socioeconomic status, family functioning, affluence, poverty, neighborhoods and schools, culture

40
Q

Family

A

Network of interdependent relationships; dynamic ever-changing interplay of forces within the family

41
Q

Bidirectional influences between family members

A

Direct influences (positive and negative), indirect influences (effects of third parties), co-parenting (coordination of parenting roles)

42
Q

Socioeconomic status (SES)

A

Index of family’s social positions and economic well-being, with a combination of education, job prestige, and income that is linked to the timing of parenthood, family size and interaction

43
Q

Education of girls

A

Fewer girls than boys attend school in developing nations

44
Q

Benefits of educating girls

A

Enhanced verbal skills and cognitive abilities have powerful impact on welfare of children and families; maternal education in developing countries contributes to gains in children’s health; mothers’ literacy skills are associated with style of interaction that promotes children’s language development

45
Q

Barriers to education of girls

A

Cultural beliefs about gender roles; school enrollment fees

46
Q

Affluent children risk factors

A

Poor grades in school, alcohol and drug use, delinquent behavior, anxiety and depression

47
Q

Contributing factors of affluent parents

A

Lack of emotional closeness and supervision, excessive demands for achievement

48
Q

_____ percent of U.S. population live in poverty

A

12.7

49
Q

Poverty magnified among

A

Parents under age 25 with young children, ethnic minorities and women, single mothers with preschool children

50
Q

U.S. poverty rate is higher among _____ (18%) than any other age group

A

Children

51
Q

Of all Western nations, _______ has the highest percentage of extremely poor children (8%).

A

United States

52
Q

Children of poverty are more likely to suffer from…

A

Lifelong poor physical health, persistent deficits in cognitive development and academic achievement, high school dropout, mental illness, impulsivity, aggression, and antisocial behavior

CFS 3055 (Child Development 0-5) (3 decks)

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