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SOCI 327 > CHAPTER 2 > Flashcards

CHAPTER 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 major types of crime

A
  1. Crimes against the person.
  2. Property crimes
  3. Crime of the powerful
  4. Organized crime and gangs.
  5. Antisocial behaviour.
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2
Q

Explain the differences between “ crimes in the streets” and “crimes in the suites”

A

Crimes in the streets:
Often carried out by people who have addictions, mental health problems, or come from marginalized populations. ex. lost property or violence in public places

Crimes in the suites:

These are offences such as theft and fraud committed by people who are widely trusted such as managers of retirement funds, and well-off and educated.

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3
Q

Describe the 3 measures of crime commonly used in Canada

A
  1. Rates of reported crime per 100,000 residents.
  2. Crime Severity Index
  3. Surveys of Canadians.
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4
Q

Describe why traffic enforcement is important for saving lives

A
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5
Q

Explain why urban crime and rural crime differ

A
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6
Q

Who are white-collar offenders?

A

People who engage in financially motivated, non-violent crimes.

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7
Q

What is CCJS?

A

Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics: An organization operated by Statistics Canada that produces reports in crime, offender, victims, and the operations of the Justice system.

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8
Q

Crimes against the person

A

These are also referred to as violent crimes, contribute to fear, and reduce our quality of life. ex: Homicide, sexual assault, robbery, and assault.

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9
Q

Describe Homicide

A

A person commits homicide when directly or indirectly, he causes the death of a human being.

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10
Q

Non-culpable homicide

A

They are not considered offences, such as a doctor or nurse medically assists a terminally ill patient in ending their life.

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11
Q

Culpable Homicide

A

Considered an offense and includes murder, manslaughter, and infanticide.

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12
Q

Define Murder

A

Acts meant to cause death or bodily harm likely to cause death

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13
Q

First-degree murder

A

A planned and deliberate act that was unplanned

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14
Q

Second-degree murder

A

This is a deliberate act that was unplanned that results in death.

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15
Q

Describe Manslaughter

A

It is consider a culpable homicide that is not murder or infanticide. It is considered and unlawful act or criminal negligence.

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16
Q

Unlawful act

A

An act that is not authorized or justified by law

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17
Q

Criminal negligence

A

An act that shows reckless disregard for the lives or safety of other people.

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18
Q

Sexual assault

A

One of the least reported given the reluctance of many victims both male and female.
It is an assault of sexual nature, including assaults by individuals of the same sex or assaults committed against one’s spouse.

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19
Q

Describe the levels of sexual assault.

A

Level 1: involves minor physical injuries or no injuries to the victim

Level 2: Includes sexual assault with a weapon, threats, or causing bodily harm.

Aggravated level 3: this results in wounding, maiming, disfiguring, or endangering the life of the victims.

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20
Q

Robbery

A

It is considered a crime against the person because it involves a threat or use of violence to carry out a theft, even if the victim is not physically harmed. Most likely to happen in urban areas.

Area that have high robbery rates, have high murder rates.

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21
Q

Assault

A

The most commonly reported violent crime.
Also classified into 3 types.
A crime of violence that can range from a minor act to dangerous crimes resulting in bodily harm.

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22
Q

Property Crimes

A

3 types of property offences are most commonly reported are: break and enter, theft of a motor vehicle, and theft not involving a motor vehicle.

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23
Q

Crime of the powerful.

A

Occupational crimes are committed by workers for their own benefit in the course of their employment.

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24
Q

Organizational crimes

A

Offences committed by employees of legitimate business that are intended to increase profits or otherwise benefit the organization.

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25
Q

Price-fixing

A

When business owners engage in a conspiracy to reduce competition or to keep prices of a product or service artificially high.

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25
Q

Genocide

A

The systematic killing of a population such as an ethnic, racial, religious, or national group.

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25
Q

Crimes against Humanity

A

Violent acts and persecution of a civilian population that are committed as a part of a systematic attack.

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25
Q

Organized Crimes and Gangs

A

Tend to engage in broad range of criminal activities.

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25
Q

Criminal criminologists

A

They argue that crimes are defined by the rich and powerful and that the police are used to control the poor ad the middle class in order to protect the interest of the upper class.

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25
Q

Crime Rated from the Uniform Crime Reporting Survey

A

The traditional method of measuring crime. Heavily influenced by less serious high-volume crimes. Fail to give accurate picture of crimes.

25
Q

Antisocial Behaviour

A

Objectionable conduct, such as being rowdy, rude or drunk in public.

26
Q

Crime Severity Index

A

Unique to Canada.

Measures the volume of crime reported to the police and applies a weight to different types of crime so that the impact of more serious offences is better reflected.

Weight is assigned to each type of crime is calculated based on the average sentence imposed for the crime.

27
Q

Victimization Surveys

A

Asking people if they were victimized in the previous year and whether they were ever reported to the police.

27
Q

Dark figure of crime

A

The difference between the amount of crime that occurs and the amount of crime that is reported to the police.

28
Q

Limitation of Victimization Data

A
  1. conducted every 5 years.
  2. Only people 15 years and older are asked.
28
Q

Self- Reported Crime

A

A type of survey where respondents answer questions about their attitudes, beliefs, or experiences, including being an offender or crime victim.

28
Q

Regulating traffic: Should Bad Driving be a Crime?

A

Public education campaigns, safer roads, driving train, and graduated driver licensing programs for new drivers have been successful in reducing traffic fatalities.

29
Q

In 2014, how many crimes were reported to the police?

A

1.8 million.

30
Q

In 2014, how many violent criminal code violations.

A

369,000

31
Q

Which criminal code offence accounted for the most decline?

A

Prostitution

32
Q

Was there a decrease in counterfeiting?

A

Yes, - 10%

33
Q

What were the largest increase?

A

Terrorist offences and Child pornography

34
Q

When was the UCR launched?

A

1961

35
Q

UCR2

A

It was implemented in 1988 and fully operational in 1992. It collected incident-based date rather than summary data. This was a significant change.

36
Q

What are some UCR Criticism?

A
  1. It consists of reports from fewer police services.
  2. Much unknown crime is simply not reported.
  3. Weighting of crimes: A decrease in some crimes is nullified by an increase in others.
  4. Recording problems:
    For non-violent crimes, one incident is counted for each incident.

For violent crimes, a separate incident is recorded for each victim.

37
Q

Limitations with Victimization Data

A
  1. Surveys are not perfect
  2. Many crimes are not reported
  3. Some social groups are more likely to report being victimized.
38
Q

Explain what happened in 2017 in Ontario about Indigenous children.

A
  1. In 2017, an Ontario judge ruled that the federal government had neglected its duty of care to 16000 indigenous children.
  2. Indigenous children had been taken from their families and places with non-Indigenous families form 1960s to the 1980s.
  3. The court argued that the loss of identity contributed to addiction, mental health issues, and fractured lives.
39
Q

Prejudice

A

It refers to rigid and generalized ideas and beliefs about a group of people.

40
Q

Discrimination

A

It refers to practices that deny groups equal access to societal rewards.

41
Q

Types of Racism

A

Interpersonal, Institutional, and Cultural

42
Q

Interpersonal Racism examples

A
  1. Hate-explicit, causes fear/anxiety
  2. Polite-couched in a congenial fashion
  3. Subliminal/unconscious-unknown to the actor
43
Q

Institutional Examples

A
  1. Systemic-unintentional and pervasive.
  2. Systematic-intentional.
44
Q

Cultural Examples

A
  1. Everyday-language
  2. Ideological-racialized ideas that we possess as a culture.
45
Q

Substantive criminal law

A

It refers to the body of legislation that declares which actions will be punished by the state
Actus reus
Mens rea
Harm

46
Q

Procedural law

A

It reveals how the rights and duties of people can be enforced. “ due process”

Most procedural law is found in sections 8 to 14 of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms.

It deals with “Principles of fundamental justice”

No person can be deprived of life, liberty, and security unless the principles of fundamental justice are followed.

47
Q

What did Supreme Court argue about Procedural law?

A

They argued that these principles are defined and clarified on a case by case basis. It is constantly evolving.

The Supreme Court has ruled in areas of disclosure, the right to silence, the right to a fair trial, and the right not to make incriminating statements.

48
Q

What were the conditions of rape before 1983

A
  1. The complainant had to be female.
  2. The accused had to be male.
  3. The complainant and accused were not married to each other.
  4. Sexual intercourse occurred.
  5. The act of intercourse occurred without the consent of the woman.
49
Q

What did the federal government do about the conditions in 1983

A

In 1983, the federal government implemented Bill C-127 to deal with the problems contained within the legislation.

50
Q

The 3 levels of Sexual Assault

A
  1. Level 1: It includes cases where the victim endured the least amount of physical injury ( 10 years maximum punishment).
  2. Level 2: It includes the use of a weapon, threats to use a weapon, or bodily harm ( 14 years maximum punishment)
  3. Level 3: Involves wounding, maiming, disfiguring, or endangering the life of the victim ( life imprisonment).
51
Q

What was the controversial aspect of the new law?

A

It concerned the victim’s sexual history. Bill C-127 significantly restricted the use of such evidence.
In 1991, s.276 was struck down as unfair to the accused.

52
Q

In 1994, what defense was implemented?

A

” extreme-drunkenness” and it was removed a year later.

53
Q

In 1997, what did Bill C-46 restrict?

A

It restricted full disclosure of records.
Two stage process where the judge would determine whether the victim’s records would be disclosed to the defense.

54
Q

Describe the two stage process.

A

In first stage: The accused must convince the trial judge that the documents are likely relevant to his or her defense.

In second stage: the judge must consider whether it is necessary in the interest of justice for the defense to view them.

55
Q

What are the most common reasons for ordering the production of the complainant’s records (to the judge) were?

A
  1. Potential prejudice to dignity and the right to privacy.
  2. The defendant’s right to a full answer and defense.
  3. Reasonable expectation of privacy.
  4. Probative value of the record.
56
Q

De-carceration movement

A

In some U.S. states, tights budgets have facilitated the current decarceration movement. California has been forced to set thousands of violent offenders free.

57
Q

Punitive Models

A

Our criminal justice system contains 4 main philosophies:

  1. the Justice model
  2. Deterrence
  3. Selective incapacitation.
  4. Rehabilitation.
58
Q

The Justice Model

A
  1. The system should be guided by the ideals of justice, fairness, and the need to protect human rights and dignity.
  2. The punishment should fit the offence, not the criminal.
  3. Emerged in Maine, California, Minnesota, Pennsylvania in the 1970s and 1980s.
59
Q
A
60
Q

Deterrence

A
  1. Rooted in classical theory.
  2. Deterrence in central; prevent future crimes.
  3. The importance of social contract.
  4. Uniform punishment.
  5. Torture must be eliminated.
  6. The punishment must fit the crime.
  7. The felicific calculus.
  8. Swiftness(celerity), certainty, and severity.
61
Q

What is the total amount of violent and property crimes in 2022?

A

2.2 million - 2,206,454

62
Q

What is the total number of property crimes in 2022

A

1.2 million. 1,290,215

62
Q

What the total violent crime in 2022

A

531,243

63
Q
A
64
Q
A

SOCI 327 (4 decks)

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