chapter 2

Question 1

TBI

Answer 1

traumatically induced psychological disruption of the brain structure and function resulting from the application of a biomedical force to the head, rapid acceleration and/or deceleration or blast-related forces

Question 2

incidence

Answer 2

500,000 new cases of tbi per year

Question 3

prevalence

Answer 3

200 cases per 100,000 people in the US

Question 4

intentional accidents

Answer 4

incidents where a person know that they will be at some risk of sustaining a TBI
-assaults, DV, child abuse, sporting accidents
-may not be as willing to seek help

Question 5

non-intentional accidents

Answer 5

accidental in nature and people are more likely to seek help during such incidents
-road accidents, falls

Question 6

open head injuries

Answer 6

a sharp object penetrates the skull and enters the brain

Question 7

low velocity open

Answer 7

injuries are typically assoc. with objects travelling at low velocity
-stabbing, axe, hit by branch

Question 8

high velocity open

Answer 8

assoc with relatively higher velocity travelling objects
-gun shot wound

Question 9

closed head injuries

Answer 9

no actual insertion of a foreign body into the cranium
-MVA, skiing accidents, sports-related events

Question 10

non-acceleration closed

Answer 10

a person at rest being hit by another moving or stationary object/person

Question 11

acceleration closed

Answer 11

a person in motion hit by another moving or stationary object/person

Question 12

diffuse axonal injury closed

Answer 12

during most acceleration injuries there is a possibility of severe neuronal damage where axons may be damaged, stretched, or torn

Question 13

lumbar puncture

Answer 13

diagnostic procedure for measuring CSF in order to assess the possibility of hydrocephalus

Question 14

immediate brain changes after brain injury

Answer 14

changes that occur at the onset of the tbi
-inflammation, bleeding, loss of consciousness, fractures

Question 15

secondary brain changes

Answer 15

changes noticed minutes, hours, days, or weeks following TBI
-headaches, loss of attention and sensation, pain

Question 16

hypoxia

Answer 16

reduced levels of oxygen

Question 17

anoxia

Answer 17

complete absence of oxygen

Question 18

shaken baby syndrome

Answer 18

violent shaking of infant or young child leading to brain damage
-may lead to brain swelling, intracranial bleeding, diffuse axonal injuries, retinal hemorrhages

Question 19

gender

Answer 19

men are twice more likely to experience tbis than women 4:1

Question 20

age

Answer 20

teens and young adults 15-24 years old

Question 21

causes of tbi**

Answer 21

children: falls
adolescents: sporting an MVA
elderly adults: falls

Question 22

moderate and severe tbi causes

Answer 22

MVA across all age groups

Question 23

substance abuse

Answer 23

drug and alcohol use increases the risk for tbi
1999: 42% of brain injury survivors were heavy drinkers

Question 24

prior history of tbi

Answer 24

general risk is 20% for men and 8% for women

Question 25

chance for 2nd tbi is _____ times as likely, a 3rd tbi is ______ times as likely

Answer 25

3x, 8x

Question 26

medical conditions

Answer 26

co-occurrence of cardiac disorders and tbis lead to possible inadequacies in the blood supply of the brain and this interrupts in the consciousness level or physical functioning

Question 27

extent and location of damage

Answer 27

diffuse damage has a poor prognosis to focal damage -area of damage can influence recovery: damage in and around the perisylvian cortex has poor outcomes compared to other non-language dominating areas -severity ranges from mild concussions to severe disability or even death

Question 28

coma

Answer 28

a period of unconsciousness or unawareness following a brain injury -GCS: used to monitor changes in the level of consciousness: 3 is lowest possible score -Galveston orientation and amnesia test: assess major features of functioning along with post-traumatic amnesia (PTA)

Question 29

recovery from coma may lead to

Answer 29

a vegetative state, a minimally conscious state, or locked-in syndrome

Question 30

post-traumatic amnesia

Answer 30

period beginning from onset of TBI (including coma) and extends till the persons memory for ongoing events become reliable, consistent, and accurate -duration correlates with residual physical and cognitive impairments as well as independent, possibility of returning to pre-morbid functioning levels

Question 31

minimally vegetative state

Answer 31

-intact autonomic functions (heartbeat, thermoregulation), and sleep-wave cycle with absence of awareness -these patients can open their eyes spontaneously or in response to stimulation by only showing reflexive behaviors that are unrelated to the environment

Question 32

minimally concious state

Answer 32

patients are aroused and show fluctuating and reproducible signs of awareness -demonstrate orientation to behavioral and emotional responses (following directions, visual pursuit, and response to smell)

Question 33

genetic predisposition

Answer 33

presence of ApoE gene leads to greater risk of developing AdDementia and the current research indicates mixed feelings