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Psych 104 > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Facts

A

Observable realities established using evidence collected through empirical research

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2
Q

Opinions

A

Personal judgements that may or may not be accurate

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3
Q

Deductive Reasoning

A

Ideas are tested in the real world
Begins with a hypothesis that is used to reach logical conclusions about the real world (if the hypothesis is correct then the conclusion is also correct)
If hypothesis is incorrect conclusion can be logical but also incorrect
Used to test hypotheses

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4
Q

Inductive Reasoning

A

Real-world observations lead to new ideas
Uses empirical observations to construct broad generalizations
Conclusions may or may not be correct regardless of the observations they are based on
Used to formulate theories

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5
Q

Theory

A

Well-developed set of ideas that propose an explanation for observed phenomena

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6
Q

Hypothesis

A

Testable prediction about how the world will behave if our idea is correct
Bridges gap between theory and real world

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7
Q

Falsifiability

A

Capability of being shown to be incorrect

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8
Q

Case Study

A

Also known as clinical study
Observational research focused on one or a few individuals
Gather a wealth of information but low generalizability

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9
Q

Naturalistic Observation

A

Observing behaviour in its natural setting
High external validity / ecological validity / realism

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10
Q

Generalizing

A

The ability to apply the findings of a particular research project to the larger population is a whole

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11
Q

Observer Bias

A

Skewing observations to fit the research goals/expectations

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12
Q

Inter-rater Reliability

A

Also known as inter-observer reliability
Assessment of the consistency of observations by different researchers

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13
Q

Surveys

A

Lists of questions to be answered by research participants
Sacrifices depth of information for large sample size and higher generalizability

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14
Q

Sample

A

Subset of individuals selected from a population

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15
Q

Population

A

Overall group of individuals that the researchers are interested in

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16
Q

Archival Research

A

Using existing records to answer various research questions

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17
Q

Longitudinal Research

A

Research design where data is collected repeatedly over a long period of time

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18
Q

Cross-sectional Research

A

Researcher compares multiple segments of the population at the same time

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19
Q

Attrition Rate

A

Reduction in the number of research participants due to drop outs

20
Q

Correlation

A

A relationship between two or more variables (does not imply cause and effect)

21
Q

Correlation Coefficient

A

A number that indicates the strength and direction of the relationship between variables

22
Q

Confounding Variable

A

Unanticipated outside factor that affects both variables of interest

23
Q

Cause and Effect Relationship

A

Changes in one variable cause changes in the other variable
Can be determined only using an experimental study

24
Q

Illusory Correlations

A

False correlations
When people believe that a relationship exists between two variables when it does not

25
Q

Confirmation Bias

A

Seeking out evidence to confirm our beliefs while ignoring contradictory evidence
Causes illusory correlations

26
Q

Experimental Group

A

The group which gets the experimental manipulation

27
Q

Control Group

A

The group that does not get the experimental manipulation

28
Q

Operational Definition

A

A description of what actions and operations will be used to measure the dependant variables and manipulate the independent variables

29
Q

Experimenter Bias

A

The possibility that a researcher’s expectations might skew the results of a study

30
Q

Single-blind Study

A

Participants are unaware which group they are in while experimenters know which participants are in each group

31
Q

Double-blind Study

A

Both the participants and researchers are blind to group assignments

32
Q

Placebo Effect

A

When people’s expectations/beliefs influence their experience in a certain situation

33
Q

Independent Variable

A

The variable controlled/manipulated by the experimenter

34
Q

Dependent Variable

A

The variable measured by the experimenter to see the effects of the independent variable

35
Q

Random Sample

A

Subset of a larger population in which every member of the population had an equal chance of being selected

36
Q

Random Assignment

A

All participants have an equal chance of being assigned to either group
Reduces systematic differences between the groups

37
Q

Statistical Analysis

A

Used to determine if there is a meaningful difference between the experimental and control groups (if the observed difference is simply due to random chance)

38
Q

Reliability

A

The ability to consistently produce a given result

39
Q

Internal Consistency

A

The degree to which different items on a survey that measure the same thing correlate with one another

40
Q

Test-retest Reliability

A

The degree to which the outcomes of a particular measure remain consistent over multiple administrations

41
Q

Validity

A

The extent to which a given tool accurately measures what it is supposed to measure
Validity implies reliability (but the reverse is not always true)

42
Q

IRB

A

Institutional Review Board
Committee whose purpose is to review proposals for research that involve human participation

43
Q

Informed Consent

A

The process of informing a research participant about what to expect during an experiment, any risks involved and implication of the research before obtaining consent

44
Q

Deception

A

Purposely misleading experiment participants in order to maintain the integrity of the experiment
Deception cannot be harmful
When deception is used participants must be fully debriefed after the experiment is over

45
Q

Quasi-experiment

A

Experiment where researchers cannot assign participants to groups because they are predetermined (e.g. sex)

46
Q

IACUC

A

Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee
Committee whose purpose is to review proposals for research that involve non-human animal participation

Psych 104 (2 decks)

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