CHAPTER 2

Question 1

Include causal factors from the fields of genetics and neuroscience

Answer 1

Biological Dimensions

Question 2

Include causal factors from behavioral and cognitive processes

Answer 2

Psychological Dimensions

Question 3

Contribute in a variety of ways to psychopathology, as do social and interpersonal influences

Answer 3

Emotional Influences

Question 4

Figure in any discussion of cause of psychological disoders

Answer 4

Developmental Influences

Question 5

Attempts to trace the origins of a behavior to a single cause.

Answer 5

One-Dimensional Model

Question 6

Psychopathology can be caused by multiple influences of multi-factors

Answer 6

Multidimensional Model

Question 7

Implies that any particular influence contributing to psychopathology cannot be considered out of context

Answer 7

Systemic/Feedback Loop

Question 8

A common cause of fainiting

Answer 8

Vasovagal Syncope

Question 9

A possible cause of the vasovagal syncope is an overreaction of a mechanism called

Answer 9

Sinoaortic Baroreflec Arc

Question 10

Individuals inherit tendencies to express certain traits or behaviors, which may then be activated under conditions of stress

Answer 10

The Diathesis-Stress Model

Question 11

A condition that makes someone susceptible to developing a disorder

Answer 11

Diathesis

Question 12

The study of how the nervous system, specifically the brain, works to understand our behavior, emotions, and cognitive processes.

Answer 12

Neuroscience

Question 13

Processes all information received from our sense organs an reacts as necessary

Answer 13

Central Nervous System (CNS)

Question 14

Facilitate the sending of messages to and from the brain

Answer 14

Spinal Cord

Question 15

Brain uses an average of 140 billion nerve cells. Control our thoughts and action and transmits information throughout the nervous system

Answer 15

Neurons

Question 16

One brand of neuron

Answer 16

Dendrites

Question 17

Other branch of neuron that transmits impulses to other neurons

Answer 17

Axon

Question 18

Any one nerve cell may have multiple connections to other neurons

Answer 18

Synapses

Question 19

The goal to revolutionize out understanding of the human brain, which organizes every facet of our existence

Answer 19

Human Genome Project

Question 20

Within each neuron, information is transmitted through these electrical impulses

Answer 20

Action Potentials

Question 21

The space between the terminal button of one neuron and the dendrite of another

Answer 21

Synaptic Cleft

Question 22

The biochemicals that are released from the axon of one neuron and transmit the impulse to the dendrite receptors of another neuron

Answer 22

Neurotransmitters

Question 23

Neurotransmitters that increase the likelihood that the connecting neuron fire

Answer 23

Excitatory

Question 24

Neurotransmitters that decreases the likelihood that the connecting neuron will fire

Answer 24

Inhibitory

Question 25

Passive cells that merely served to connect and insulate neurons

Answer 25

Glia (Glial) Cells

Question 26

Lower and more ancient part of the brain; handles automatic functions like breathing, sleeping, and moving around in a coordinated way

Answer 26

Brain Stem

Question 27

Lowest part of the brain; regulates automatic activities like breathing, heartbeat, and digestion

Answer 27

Hindbrain

Question 28

Lowest part of the brain: controls motor coordination; associated with autism

Answer 28

Cerebellum

Question 29

Located in the brain stem; coordinates movement with sensory input and contains parts of the reticula activating system

Answer 29

Midbrain

Question 30

Top of the brain stem; regulating behavior and motion

Answer 30

Thalamus and Hypothalams

Question 31

Base of the forebrain, just above the thalamus and the hypothalamus, regulate our emotional experiences and expressions and ability to learn and to control our impulses

Answer 31

Limbic System

Question 32

Base of the forebrain; control motor activity; damage will cause changing our posture or twitching or shaking

Answer 32

Basal Ganglia

Question 33

Largest part of the forebrain; allows us to look to the future and plan, to reason, and to create

Answer 33

Cerebral Cortex

Question 34

Responsible for verbal and other cognitive processes

Answer 34

Left Hemisphere

Question 35

Better at perceiving the world around us and creating images

Answer 35

Right Hemisphere

Question 36

Recognizing various sights and sounds and with long-term memory storage

Answer 36

Temporal Lobe

Question 37

Recognizing various sensations of touch and monitoring body positioning

Answer 37

Parietal Lobe

Question 38

Integrating and making sense of various visual inputs

Answer 38

Occipital Lobe

Question 39

Involved in motor function, expressive language, and cognitive skills

Answer 39

Frontal Lobe

Question 40

Front (or anterior) of the frontal lobe responsible for higher cognitive functions such as thinking and reasoning, planning for the future, and long-term memory

Answer 40

Prefrontal Cortex

Question 41

Coordinates with the brain stem to make sure the body is working properly

Answer 41

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Question 42

Controls the muscles

Answer 42

Somatic Nervous System

Question 43

Sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system. Regulate the cardiovascular system (for example, the heart and blood vessels)

Answer 43

Autonomic Nervous System

Question 44

Endocrine System: The chemical messenger produced by the endocrine gland that is released directly into the bloodstream

Answer 44

Hormone

Question 45

Endocrine System: Produces epinephrine (adrenaline) in response to stress as well as salt- regulating hormones

Answer 45

Adrenal Gland

Question 46

Endocrine System: Produces thyroxine which facilitates energy metabolism and growth

Answer 46

Thyroid Gland

Question 47

Endocrine System: A master gland that produces a variety of regulatory hormones

Answer 47

Pituitary Gland

Question 48

Endocrine System: Produces sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone

Answer 48

Gonadal Gland

Question 49

Responsible for mobilizing the body during times of stress or danger by rapidly activating the organs and glands under its control.

Answer 49

Sympathetic Nervous System

Question 50

Takes over after the sympathetic nervous system has been active for a while, normalizing our arousal and facilitating the storage of energy by helping the digestive process

Answer 50

Parasympathetic Nervous System

Question 51

The cortical part of the adrenal glands also produces the stress hormone cortisol

Answer 51

Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenocortical Axis

Question 52

The ends of chromosomes to protect the chromosome from deteriorating

Answer 52

Telomere

Question 53

Increases the activity of a neurotransmitter by mimicking its effects

Answer 53

Agonists

Question 54

Decreases or blocks neurotransmitter

Answer 54

Antagonist

Question 55

Produce effects opposite to those produced by the neurotransmitter

Answer 55

Inverse Agonists

Question 56

After a neurotransmitter is released, it is quickly broken down and brought back from the synaptic cleft into the same neuron that released it.

Answer 56

Reuptake

Question 57

Excitatory transmitter that “turns on” many different neurons, leading to action

Answer 57

Glutamate

Question 58

An inhibitory neurotransmitter that Inhibits (or regulate) the transmission of information and action potentials

Answer 58

Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA)

Question 59

In the monoamine category of neurotransmitters. Regulates our behavior, moods, and thought processes

Answer 59

Serotonin

Question 60

The BETA-BLOCKERS keep blood pressure and heart rate down.

Answer 60

Norepinephrine

Question 61

Reward and pleasure neurotransmitter. Play a significant role in depression and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

Answer 61

Dopamine

Question 62

Also called psychosurgery; particularly in the case of OCD when the suffering is severe and other treatments have failed.

Answer 62

Neurosurgery

Question 63

Treated the patients with a cognitive-behavioral therapy known to be effective in OCD

Answer 63

Exposure and Response Prevention

Question 64

Offers another window on psychological factors directly affecting brain functioning.

Answer 64

Placebo Effects

Question 65

Tailoring in the treatment to the individual patient in order to optimize therapy outcome

Answer 65

Precision Medicine

Question 66

Albert Bandura; modeling or observational learning

Answer 66

Social Learning

Question 67

Things that have happened in the past but can’t remember the events

Answer 67

Implicit Memory

Question 68

Conscious memory for events

Answer 68

Explicit Memory

Question 69

The alarm reaction that activates during potentially life- threatening emergencies.

Answer 69

Fight or Flight Response

Question 70

A more persistent period of affect or emotionality

Answer 70

Mood

Question 71

An enduring or recurring states of depression or excitement (mania).

Answer 71

Mood Disorder

Question 72

Characterized by enduring or chronic anxiety; could also be called mood disorder.

Answer 72

Anxiety Disorder

Question 73

Both anxiety disorder and mood disorder; a term not formally used in psychopathology.

Answer 73

Emotional Disorder

Question 74

The valence dimension of an emotion

Answer 74

Affect

Question 75

Periods of excitement with periods of extreme sadness and distress, when they feel that all is lost and the world is a gloomy and hopeless place

Answer 75

Mania

Question 76

If hopelessness becomes acute, they are at risk for suicide. A defining feature of many mood disorders.

Answer 76

Depression

Question 77

Characterized by exaggerated startle responses and other observable fear and anxiety reactions.

Answer 77

Fright Disorders

Question 78

An individual believes that he or she has become the object of black magic or witchcraft and is suddenly badly frightened. From Latin America; describes various anxiety-based symptoms

Answer 78

Susto

Question 79

Sentence of death by a medicine may create an intolerable autonomic arousal in the participant, who was little ability to cope because there is no social support. Friends and family ignore the individual because they assume death has already occurred – ultimately leading to damage in the internal organs and death.

Answer 79

Haitian Phenomenon of Voodoo Death

Question 80

A severe eating disorder that occurs almost entirely in young females.

Answer 80

Bulimia Nervosa

Question 81

What we _______ is strongly influenced by our social environments.

Answer 81

Fear

Question 82

The likelihood of you having a particular phobia is powerfully influenced by your _______

Answer 82

Gender

Question 83

A large number of studies have demonstrated that the geater the number and frequency of _________ relationships and __________, the longer you are likely to live.

Answer 83

Social; contacts

Question 84

The effects of social and interpersonal factors on the expression of physical and psychological disorders may differ with ________

Answer 84

Age

Question 85

The principle of ______________ is used in developmental psychopathology to indicate that we must consider a number of paths to a given outcome

Answer 85

Equifinality