Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is croyance

A

conviction relative à un object psychologiques (can be about individuals, situations, objects)

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2
Q

What is objet psychologique

A
  • tout ce qui est possible de représenter à propos de notre environnement social
  • can be réel, abstrat, concret ou imaginaire

eg. Stephanie Trudeau : un objet psychologique cus elle est une personne de environnement qu’on peut représenter
elle est aussi reelle, imaginaire aux yeux des autres
eg. objet purement imaginaire comme l’amour et la liberté

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3
Q

C’est quoi les 3 origines possible d’une croyance … What are ways to develop a croyance -

A

Expérience personnelle : lived experience

Inférence ou supposition: making links between things to form a belief

Interaction social ou information donnée par autrui: someone tells you about the thing and now you believe it because of what that person said

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4
Q

Types of Attributions et définitions

A

Attribution from 1 seul comportement

Attribution from plusieurs comportements

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5
Q

what is attribution de plusieurs comportemens

A

= attribution d’un lien entre comportement et la cause qui varie systématiquement dans le temps (covariance de Kelley)

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6
Q

what is attribution de 1 comportement

A

= c’est l’attribution de disposition qui correspond directement à la nature du comportement observé

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7
Q

what is an example of attribution from 1 seul comportement or procedure

A

theres 3 questions we ask :

  • we ask if the person had other options other than making that behavior (eg having to fight back when under attack) . if yes interne if no externe
  • we ask if the behavior depended on the social norm (eg crying at funeral) . if yes externe if no interne
  • we ask if there was a particular consequence to that behavior (eg. did the person get fractured when you hit them or were they fine). if yes interne if no externe
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8
Q

What are the components linked to attribution à partir de plusieurs comportements?

A

Covariance de Kelley

  • Consensus - does everyone else do the same action . if yes externe if no interne
  • Caractère distinctif - does the person do this in this particular situation . if yes externe if no interne
  • Constance - does the person do this everytime . if yes interne if no externe
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9
Q

What is the modele tridimensionnel de Weiner ?

A

attribution de comportement selon 3 dimensions ou le type peut avoir un impact sur la reaction affective et les attentes de la personne qui fait l’attribution

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10
Q

Quelles sont les 3 dimension dans le modèle tridimensionnel de Weiner?

A

Causes interne et externe

Causes controllable et incontrollable

Causes Stables et instable

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11
Q

example of modele tridimensionnel de weiner

A
  • Cause interne (personal actions eg. i actively chose to go to a party so i failed my exam or I am not good at the subject or i was too heartbroken to study )
  • Cause externe ( i am a member of a football team so i did not have much time to study or i come from a low social economic background so i have to work which in turns makes it difficult to study)
  • Cause controllable : could it be prevented (i chose not to study, i accepted to take extra hours during a time where i couldve studied)
    -Cause incontrollable : it is out of my control (i work 3 jobs or i had 3 exams that week , i am not good at math)
  • Stable : does it happen regularly
  • Instable : once in a lifetime event
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12
Q

What is formation d’impression

A
  • processus cognitif ou on organise divers information aka comportement qu’on observe (apparence, comportement, contexte) pour former un tout

(combinaison d’attribution + integration d’information = impression globale de la personne)

its the steps de la perception d’autrui

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13
Q

What are the 2 approches pour l’integration d’information

A

Approche 1: On veut un tout cohérent (les traits attribué n’ont de sens que les uns en fonction des autres)

Approche 2: Impression globale est plus ou moin position .. si on additionne (cherche la somme de) toute les traits ensemble.

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14
Q

What are the approches pour l’interaction entre les traits

A

Effet de centralité = les traits importante influence le sens pour les autres traits de la personne. eg. chaleureux et froide. despite the other descriptions (which are positive) we see that froid changes completely the perception of the individual as it is acting a central trait

Effet de primauté = First impression, always more impactful and difficult to change .. we put more emphasis on first information to someone’s impression giving direction on our reflection

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15
Q

What is the sous approche for somme des traits (2)

A

On donne une pondération des caracteristiques de l’individus par rapport au poids qu’on place sur chaque trait

  • on multiplie la somme de l’évaluation de chaque trait et le poids puis on divise tout par le nombre de trait
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16
Q

Quelles sont les 2 systemes de pensé pour juger l’environnement social?

A

System 1 = processus automatique, inconscient, trait bcp d’informations rapidement

System 2 = processus plus lent, reflexion controllé, consciente, assure le controle de soi et d’emotion (rationnelle)

17
Q

which of the 2 systems do we use often? which of the 2 best

A

System 1 - we this because it takes into account alot of information and it is processed very rapidely.

none are better than the other. they both pertain pros and cons

18
Q

what is a schéma

A

its a pattern de reflexion (structures cognitive) qui nous aide à organiser l’information complexe.

19
Q

What are examples of Schémas

A

linked to stereotype and categorization

linked to normes culturelle (culture normes changes our processes)

linked to our experiences and personal expectations (eg. with my past relationships, we now settle on what we want in future relationships )

20
Q

What is theorie implicite de la personne

A

its a type of schema where we infer certain personality trait to something specific and applies generally

eg. when you that someone is a band musician, we normally associate that with creative, passionate, open minded .. but we also say that they are reckless, irresponsable, rebellious, etc.

21
Q

What are the règles heuristiques

A

cognitif process qui Permet de faire des estimation rapidement (keyword: rapide)

22
Q

what are the categories in règles heuristiquees

A

Disponibilité - la fréquence ou probabilité de l’évenement eg. natural catastrophes in japan or a plane crash that has occurred will automatically make us think of the event’s reoccurrence

Représentativité - estimer Probabilité d’appartenance d’un objet à une class eg. when we see an arab (beard) we think of 9/11 (we have associated an event with a class of individual)

Ancrage et ajustement - estimer une grandeur en se basant sur nos connaissance antérieur . eg. estimating mount everest’s height by measurements we have known or heard.

23
Q

What are the other biais

A

Biais de la positivité = evaluation positive rather than negative cus we also want to be perceived as positive

Négligence de la ligne de base = (uses system 1) sous estimer stats eg. we want to buy a car we only list the materialistic features and not what is most efficient

Corrélation illusoire = faire des corrélation meme si les variables ne se lie pas

Persistance des croyance =

Raisonnement contrefactuel =