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A&P1 > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

Chemistry Comes Alive (49 cards)

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1
Q

Energy

A

The capacity to do work
-potential: inactive/ stored
-kinetic: energy of motion

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2
Q

Forms of energy

A

A. Chemical: making/ breaking of chemical bonds
B. Electrical: movement of charged particles
C. Mechanical: movement of matter
D. Radiant: light, other electromagnetic radiation

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3
Q

Matter

A
  • All living things consist of matter
    A. matter is anything that occupies space/ has mass.
  • liquid, solid, or gas
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4
Q

Mass

A

Actual amount of matter an object contains

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5
Q

Weight

A

Measure of force of gravity on an object

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6
Q

Element

A

A. A substance that cannot be made into a simpler substance by ordinary chem. reactions
B. Composed of specific types of atoms
C. There are (at least) 112 elements
- 92 (nature)
- 24 (naturally in the body)
Most common: H,C,O,N

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7
Q

Protons

A
  • found in the nucleus
  • positively charged
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8
Q

Neutrons

A
  • found in the nucleus
  • neutral charge
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9
Q

Electrons

A
  • orbit around the nucleus
  • negatively charged
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10
Q

What makes an atom neutral?

A

of protons=# of electrons

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11
Q

What determines an element?

A

A. Number of protons
B. The # of protons in the nucleus is the elements atomic number

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12
Q

Isotopes

A
  • atoms have same # of protons, different # of neutrons
  • same chemical characteristics
  • mass #: indicates the # of protons, and neutrons
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13
Q

Radioactive Isotopes

A
  • unstable, and decay into other isotopes
  • even into other elements
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14
Q

Molecule

A

A. 2 or more atoms held together by chemical bonds
- could be the same element

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15
Q

Compound

A

A. Molecules composed of 2 or more different elements

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16
Q

Mixtures

A

A. substances composed of 2 or more components physically mixed

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17
Q

Solutions

A

A. Mixture of 2 or more components
-ex: salt water and blood plasma

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18
Q

Solvent (Solution)

A

A. The medium in which the other matter mixed

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19
Q

Solute (Solution)

A

A. The various other components in the mixture.

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20
Q

Homogenous

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A

A. mixture that has a uniform composition throughout
- components are evenly distributed and cannot be easily separated

21
Q

Concentration

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A

A. Measure of the amount of solute dissolved in a solvent
- Milligrams/ deciliter (mg/dl)
- Molarity (M)- moles/ liter

22
Q

Mixtures

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A

A. Colloid
- Heterogenous mixtures that appear milky/ translucent (Jell-O)
- Smaller particles which scatter light.
- May undergo sol-gel transformations

23
Q

Suspensions (mixture)

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A

A. Blood
- red blood cells suspended in plasma
- heterogenous mixture with larger, often visible particles.

24
Q

Chemical Bonds

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A

Strongest to weakest
A. Covalent
B. Ionic
C. Hydrogen
D. van der walls= hydrophobic

25
Role of electrons
A. They form clouds called shells. - each shell: 1 or more orbitals -first 3: hold 2, 8, and 18 B. Outer shell is the valence shell
26
When are atoms stable?
A. Valence shell is filled with electrons - Atoms are chemically reactive if the valence shell is not full of electrons
27
Covalent Bond
A. Electrons shared among 2 or more atoms B. Carbon + 4 Hydrogen=Methane - carbon: 4 valence electrons to share - hydrogen: 1 valence electron to share
28
Single, double, triple
A. Refers to the # of atoms shared
29
Polar (Covalent bond)
A. Electrons are shared unequally
30
Non-Polar (Covalent Bond)
A. Electrons are shared equally - CO2 has 2 non-polar covalent bonds
31
Ionic Bonds
A. Electrons can be completely separated, transferred from one atom to another. - forms + and - ions. B. Oppositely charged ions attract each other
32
Cation
A. Electron donors B. Positive charge
33
Anion
A. Electron acceptors B. Negative charger
34
Hydrogen Bonds
A. Weakest attractions btwn diff. molecules. - contain polar covalent bonds - covalently bound H attracts charged atoms
35
Water
A. Forms many H-bonds. B. Surface tension
36
Chemical Reactions
A. Formation, rearrangement, breakage of chem. bonds - energy is transferred. waste heat is lost.
37
Chemical Equations
A. written in the form of the chemical reactions involved - A+B--->C -Reactants=A,B -Products=C
38
Synthesis (Anabolic) Reactions
A. Atoms/ molecules combine to form larger, more complex molecules - ALWAYS involves some type of chem. bond formation -ALWAYS involves the input of chem. energy -A+B---> AB - Amino Acids---> Protein
39
Decomposition (Catabolic) Reactions
A. Large molecule is broken down into smaller molecules, constituent atoms. - chem. bonds broken - chem. energy is always released. -that energy may or may not be useful for another purchase - D---> E+E+E+E...+E
40
Chem. Exchange Reactions
A. Both synthesis and decomp. occur in the same reaction - AB+CD<--->AD+CB
41
Reversibility of chem. reactions
A. All chem. reactions are theoretically reversible. - energy has to be added back to reverse
42
What do chem. reactions push for?
A. State of equilibrium - rates of forward/ reverse reactions are = - products/ reactants are in balanced proportions
43
Things that change rate of reactions
A. Molecular collisions required for a chem. reaction -Probability is impacted by: 1. Temperature 2. Particle Size 3. Concentration 4. Catalysts
44
Inorganic Compounds
A. Usually lack carbon atoms - usu. smaller molecules - H2O - Gases, e.g., O2, CO2, N2 - Various ions: electrolytes
45
Waters Special Properties
1. High Heat capacity 2. High heat of vaporization 3. Polarity Properties (is a good solvent) 4. Reactivity 5. Lubrication/ Cushioning
46
Salts
A. Contains cations and anions B. Ionize into component ions when dissolved in H2O C. Ions called electrolytes
47
Acids
A. Break ionic bonds when dissolved in H2O, changes # of ions in solution. B. Proton donors, dissociate to release hydrogen ions/ anions
48
Bases
A. Break ionic bonds when dissolved in H2O, changes # of ions in solution. B. Proton acceptors C. Generally dissociates into Hydroxyl ion and one/ more cations
49

A&P1 (2 decks)

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