Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Biology & Society > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Proton

A

positively charged subatomic particle that occurs in the nucleus of all atoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Neutron

A

uncharged subatomic particle that occurs in the atomic nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Electron

A

negatively charged subatomic particle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Atomic Number

A

number of protons in the atomic nucleus; defines the element

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Elements

A

a pure substance that consists only of atoms with the same number of protons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Isotopes

A

forms of an element that differ in the number of neutrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Mass Number

A

of an isotope, the total number of protons and neutrons in the atomic nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Radioisotope

A

an isotope with an unstable nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Radioactive Decay

A

process in which atoms of a radioisotope emit energy and subatomic particles when their nucleus spontaneously breaks up

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Tracer

A

a substance that can be traced via its detectable component

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Shell Model

A

conceptual diagram of electron distribution in an atom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Free Radicals

A

atom with an unpaired electron. Most are highly reactive and can damage biological molecules (such as DNA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Ions

A

an atom or molecule that carries a net charge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Chemical Bond

A

a strong attractive force between two atoms; links atoms in molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Compound

A

molecule that has atoms of more than one element

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Ionic Bond

A

type of chemical bond in which a strong mutual attraction links ions of opposite charge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Covalent Bond

A

type of chemical bond in which two atoms share electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Polarity

A

separation of charge into positive and negative regions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Hydrogen Bond

A

attraction between a covalently bonded hydrogen atom and another atom taking part in a separate covalent bond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Solvent

A

liquid in which other substances dissolve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Hydrophilic

A

describes a substance that dissolves easily in water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Solute

A

a dissolved substance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Salt

A

ionic compound that releases ions other than H+ and OH- when it dissolves in water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Solution

A

uniform mixture of solute completely dissolved in a solvent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Concentration
amount of solute per unit volume of solution
26
Hydrophobic
describes a substance that resists dissolving in water
27
Temperature
measure of molecular motion
28
Cohesion
property in which the molecules of a substance resist separating from one another
29
Evaporation
transition of liquid to a vapor
30
pH
measure of the amount of hydrogen ions in a fluid
31
Acid
substance that releases hydrogen ions in water
32
Base
substances that accepts hydrogen ions in water
33
Buffer
set of chemicals that can keep the pH of a solution stable by alternately donating and accepting ions that contribute to pH
34
Organic
describes a compound that consists mainly of carbon and hydrogen atoms
35
Monomers
molecule that is a subunit of polymers
36
Polymer
molecule that consists of multiple monomers
37
Reaction
process of molecular change
38
Metabolism
collective term for all of the enzyme-mediated chemical reactions in a cell
39
Enzymes
organic molecule (protein or RNA) that speed up a reaction without being changed by it
40
Carbohydrates
Molecule that consists primarily of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms in a ratio of approximately 1:2:1
41
Cellulose
tough, insoluble polysaccharide that is the major structural material in plants
42
Lipids
fatty, oily, or waxy organic compound; e.g., a triglyceride, steroid, or wax
43
Fatty Acid
lipid that consists of a (hydrophilic) car-boxyl group “head” and a (hydrophobic) “tail”
44
Saturated Fatty Acid
fatty acid with only single bonds linking the carbons in its tail
45
Unsaturated Fatty Acid
fatty acid that has at least one double bond between carbons making up its tail
46
Triglyceride
a lipid with three fatty acid tails bonded to a glycerol; a fat
47
Fat
a triglyceride
48
Saturated Fat
triglyceride with three saturated fatty acid tails
49
Unsaturated Fats
triglyceride molecule with one or more unsaturated fatty acid tails
50
Phospholipid
Lipid with two (hydrophobic) fatty acid tails and a (hydrophilic) head that contains a phosphate group. Main constituent of eukaryotic cell membranes
51
Lipid Bilayer
double layer of phospholipids arranged tail-to-tail; structural foundation of all cell membranes
52
Steroids
a type of lipid with four carbon rings and no fatty acid tails
53
Wax
firm, water-repellent substance that is a complex, varying mixture of lipids
54
Protein
organic molecule that consists of one or more amino acid chains folded into a specific shape
55
Amino Acid
small organic compound that is a monomer of proteins. Consists of a carboxyl group, and amine group, and one of 20 R groups, all bonded to the same carbon atom
56
Peptide Bond
a covalent bond between the amine group of one amino acid and the carboxyl group of another. Joins amino acids in peptide and polypep-tide chains
57
Denaturation
loss of a protein’s three-dimensional shape
58
Prion
infectious protein
59
Nucleotide
small organic molecule with a deoxyri-bose or ribose sugar, a nitrogen-containing base, and one, two, or three phosphate groups; e.g., adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine, uracil
60
ATP
Nucleotide that consists of an adenine base, a ribose sugar, and three phosphate groups. Nucleotide monomer of RNA and a coenzyme in many reactions. Important energy carrier in cells.
61
Nucleic Acids
molecule that consists of one or more strands of nucleotides; DNA or RNA
62
63
RNA
Nucleic acid that consists of ribose-containing nucleotides; most types are single-stranded
64
Plasma Membrane
membrane that encloses a cell and separates it from the external environment
65
Cytosol
jellylike mixture of water and solutes enclosed by a cell’s plasma membrane
66
Organelles
structure that carries out a specialized function inside the cell
67
Ribosomes
organelle of protein synthesis. An intact ribosome has two subunits each composed of rRNA and proteins
68
Cytoplasm
in a eukaryotic cell, collective term for everything between the cell’s plasma membrane and its nucleus. In a prokaryotic cell, everything enclosed by the plasma membrane.
69
Surface-to-Volume Ratio
a relationship in which the volume of an object increases with the cube of the diameter, and the surface area increases with the square. Limits cell size.
70
Adhesion Proteins
plasma membrane protein that helps cells stick together in animal tissues. Some types form adhering junctions and tight junctions.
71
Receptor Proteins
membrane protein that triggers a change in cell activity in response to a stimulus such as a hormone binding to it
72
Transport Proteins
membrane protein that passively or actively helps specific ions or molecules move across the membrane
73
Cell Wall
rigid, permeable layer of extracellular matrix that surrounds the plasma membrane of some cells
74
Pilus
protein filament that projects the surface of some prokaryotic cells
75
Flagella
long, slender cellular structure used for movement
76
Biofilm
community of microorganisms living within a shared mass of secreted slime
77
Nuclear Envelope
a double membrane that constitutes the other boundary of the nucleus. Nuclear pores in the membrane control the entry and exit of large molecules
78
Mitochondira
double-membraned organelle that produces ATP by aerobic respiration in eukaryotes
79
Chloroplasts
organelle of photosynthesis in the cells of plants and photosynthetic protists. Outer membranes enclose stroma and a highly folded thylakoid membrane
80
Vesicles
saclike organelle that stores, transports, or breaks down its contents
81
Lysosome
enzyme-filled vesicle that breaks down particles such as cellular debris
82
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
membrane-enclosed organelle that consists of a continuous system of sacs and tubes extending from the nuclear envelope. Rough ER makes and modifies proteins; smooth ER makes phospholipids, stores calcium, and has additional functions in some cells
83
Golgi Body
organelle that modifies polypeptides and lipids, then sorts and packages the finished products into vesicles

Biology & Society (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions