Chapter 2

Question 1

what is digestion

Answer 1

digestion is the process where foods are broken down into their nutrients

Question 2

what are the major components of digestion

Answer 2

the mouth, liver, stomach, pancreas, small and large intestines and the rectum

Question 3

what are the 2 categories digestion is broken down into

Answer 3

mechanical digestion and chemical digestion

Question 4

what is mechanical digestion

Answer 4

mechanical digestion includes chewing food, the churning actions of the stomach and peristalsis

Question 5

what is peristalsis

Answer 5

peristalsis is the rhythmic contractions of the intestines

Question 6

what does mechanical digestion do

Answer 6

mechanical digestion breaks food into smaller and smaller particles and mixes the food with digestive juices

Question 7

what is chemical digestion

Answer 7

chemical digestion is the action of enzymes as they break down food into simpler forms which can be absorbed by the body

Question 8

what are enzymes

Answer 8

enzymes are substances that cause a breakdown in other substances, they are specific to their action

Question 9

what are co-enzymes

Answer 9

co-enzymes are required by enzymes to function, they are produced in the body from vitamins and minerals that have been ingested

Question 10

what does digestion do

Answer 10

digestion prepares food for cellular intake by ensuring the nutrients must be small enough to be absorbed and are broken down by mechanical and chemical means, this occurs in the digestive tract and the food is moved by peristalsis

Question 11

what is the mouths role in digestive actions

Answer 11

the chewing begins the breakdown of food into small pieces and mixes with saliva

Question 12

what is insalivation

Answer 12

insalivation is the process of mixing food with saliva

Question 13

what is released from the saliva

Answer 13

salivary amylase

Question 14

what is salivary amylase

Answer 14

the enzyme found in saliva and it acts only on carbohydrates, it breaks them down into simple sugars that the body can use

Question 15

what is the digestive process in the mouth

Answer 15

mastication breaks up the food along with the tongue, lips, cheek, and palate and mixes in saliva, the food is then passed into the pharynx, through the esophagus and into the stomach

Question 16

what happens once food enters the stomach

Answer 16

the churning of the stomach further breaks down food by mixing with the enzymes pepsin and HCI

Question 17

what is the stomachs process in the digestive system

Answer 17

the stomach provides the churning action needed for the breakdown of food and it serves as a temporary storage house for food

Question 18

do proteins and fats break down in the stomach?

Answer 18

partial breakdown of proteins and fats occurs in the stomach

Question 19

is food constantly churned in the stomach?

Answer 19

food is constantly churned and mixed with gastric juice until chyme is formed

Question 20

what is chyme

Answer 20

chyme is a mixture that is the consistency of a liquid created from the mixture of food and gastric juice

Question 21

what does gastric juice contain

Answer 21

gastric juice contains hydrochloric acid, and the enzymes protease, renin, and lipase

Question 22

what part of digestion occurs in the small intestine

Answer 22

partially digested food passes through the stomach into the first part of the small intestine (duodenum)

Question 23

when is digestion completed

Answer 23

digestion is completed after passing through other parts of the small intestine (jejunum and ileum)

Question 24

where are digested nutrients absorbed

Answer 24

digested nutrients are absorbed into circulation, aided by villi

Question 25

where does the most digestive activity occur

Answer 25

the most digestive activity occurs in the small intestine, absorption of the most nutrients including vitamins and minerals occurs here

Question 26

what does the small intestine use to help breakdown food

Answer 26

bile, pancreatic juice, and intestinal juice

Question 27

what is bile made by

Answer 27

bile is made by the liver

Question 28

where is bile stored

Answer 28

bile is stored in the gallbladder

Question 29

what is the function of bile

Answer 29

the main function of bile is to breakdown fat through emulsification, it is released directly into the small intestine for fat digestion

Question 30

what is emulsification

Answer 30

emulsification is the process of breaking down fat into tiny globules which allows the fat splitting enzymes to have greater contact with the fat molecules

Question 31

what is pancreatic juice

Answer 31

pancreatic juice is made by the pancreas and released directly into the small intestine, it contains trypsin, lipase, and amylase

Question 32

what is trypsin

Answer 32

trypsin is an enzyme used to break down protein into smaller molecules and some amino acids

Question 33

what is the function of lipase

Answer 33

lipase completes the digestion of fats

Question 34

what is the function of amylase

Answer 34

amylase breaks down starch

Question 35

what is intestinal juice

Answer 35

intestinal juice is produced by the intestine and contains additional protein and sugar splitting enzymes

Question 36

what part of digestion occurs in the large intestine

Answer 36

digestion is essentially complete once the food reaches the large intestines, Vitamin's K, B-complex, electrolytes and water are absorbed here, once the water is absorbed the intestinal contents become feces

Question 37

how is feces eliminated from the body

Answer 37

feces are eliminated through the rectum

Question 38

what is the process of digestion in the large intestine

Answer 38

it begins in the cecum and then travels through the ascending colon, transverse colon, and descending colon - waste material passes into the sigmoid colon

Question 39

what is the function of the salivary glands

Answer 39

the salivary glands secrete enzymes that begin the digestion of starch

Question 40

what is the function of the liver

Answer 40

the liver secretes bile to break down fats

Question 41

what is the function of the gallbladder

Answer 41

the gallbladder stores bile until it is needed

Question 42

what is the function of the pancreas

Answer 42

the pancreas produces a mixture of digestive enzymes

Question 43

what is absorption

Answer 43

absorption is the process of taking the nutrients into circulation so that they can be stored in the body, most absorption occurs in the small intestine and when it is impaired the body cannot properly utilize the nutrients eaten

Question 44

what is metabolism

Answer 44

the metabolism is the set of life-sustaining chemical transformations within the cells of living organisms, it is a biochemical process that allows an organism to live, grow, reproduce, heal, and adapt to its environment

Question 45

what does metabolism also refer to

Answer 45

metabolism also refers to the sum of all chemical reactions that occur in living organisms, including digestion and the transport of substances into and between different cells

Question 46

what are the 3 main purposes of metabolism

Answer 46

1. the conversion of food/fuel to energy to run cellular processes 2. the conversion of food/fuel to building blocks for proteins, lipids, nucleic acids and some carbohydrates 3. the elimination of nitrogenous wastes

Question 47

what do the reactions of metabolism allow

Answer 47

the reactions allow organisms to grow and reproduce, maintain their structures, and respond to their environments

Question 48

what are the phases of metabolism

Answer 48

anabolism and catabolism

Question 49

what is anabolism

Answer 49

anabolism refers to the process which builds the molecules the body needs, it usually requires energy for completion. it is concerned with the conversion of simple compounds derived from nutrients into substances the body cells can use

Question 50

what is catabolism

Answer 50

catabolism is the process where substances are converted into simpler compounds which release the energy necessary for the proper functioning of the cell, it is the process that breaks down complex molecules into smaller molecules; it usually releases energy for the organism to use

Question 51

what is metabolic rate

Answer 51

metabolic rate is a term that describes the speed and efficiency with which the body converts food into useful nutrients and it influences how much food the body will require