Chapter 2

Question 1

What is matter?

Answer 1

Anything that has mass and occupies space

Question 2

What are the three states of matter?

Answer 2

• Solid
• Liquid
• Gas

Question 3

Define energy.

Answer 3

The capacity to do work

Question 4

Differentiate between kinetic and potential energy.

Answer 4

• Kinetic: Energy of motion
• Potential: Stored energy

Question 5

What are elements?

Answer 5

Pure substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances

Question 6

Define atom.

Answer 6

The smallest unit of an element that retains the properties of that element

Question 7

List the subatomic particles.

Answer 7

• Protons
• Neutrons
• Electrons

Question 8

What is the atomic number?

Answer 8

The number of protons in an atom’s nucleus

Question 9

Define atomic mass.

Answer 9

The weighted average mass of an atom’s isotopes

Question 10

What is an isotope?

Answer 10

Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons

Question 11

What is the difference between a molecule and a compound?

Answer 11

• Molecule: Two or more atoms bonded together
• Compound: A molecule that contains at least two different elements

Question 12

Compare solutions, colloids, and suspensions.

Answer 12

• Solutions: Homogeneous mixtures
• Colloids: Particles that are intermediate in size
• Suspensions: Heterogeneous mixtures that settle over time

Question 13

Explain the role of electrons in chemical bonding.

Answer 13

Electrons are involved in forming bonds between atoms, following the octet rule

Question 14

Differentiate among ionic, covalent, and hydrogen bonds.

Answer 14

• Ionic: Transfer of electrons
• Covalent: Sharing of electrons
• Hydrogen: Attraction between polar molecules

Question 15

What is the octet rule?

Answer 15

Atoms tend to bond in a way that gives them eight valence electrons

Question 16

Define acid and base.

Answer 16

• Acid: Proton donor [H+]
• Base: Proton acceptor [OH-]

Question 17

What is the pH scale?

Answer 17

A measure of acidity or alkalinity of a solution

Question 18

Explain the concept of buffers.

Answer 18

Substances that minimize changes in pH by absorbing excess H+ or OH-

Question 19

Describe the building blocks of carbohydrates.

Answer 19

• Monosaccharides
• Disaccharides
• Polysaccharides

Question 20

What are lipids primarily composed of?

Answer 20

• Triglycerides
• Fatty acids
• Glycerol

Question 21

What are the four levels of protein structure?

Answer 21

• Primary
• Secondary
• Tertiary
• Quaternary

Question 22

Define enzyme.

Answer 22

A protein that acts as a catalyst in biochemical reactions

Question 23

What is ATP?

Answer 23

Adenosine triphosphate, the energy currency of the cell

Question 24

Fill in the blank: Dehydration synthesis involves _______.

Answer 24

Water is released

Question 25

Fill in the blank: Hydrolysis involves _______.

Answer 25

Water is consumed

Question 26

True or False: Chemical reactions in the body are often reversible.

Answer 26

False

Question 27

What factors affect chemical reaction rates?

Answer 27

* Concentration of reactants * Temperature * Presence of catalysts

Question 28

Define biochemistry.

Answer 28

The study of chemical processes within and relating to living organisms

Question 29

What is the role of salts in the body?

Answer 29

To maintain homeostasis and facilitate nerve and muscle function

Question 30

What are the major types of chemical reactions?

Answer 30

* Synthesis * Decomposition * Exchange

Question 31

What are nitrogenous bases found in nucleotides?

Answer 31

* Adenine * Guanine * Cytosine * Thymine (DNA only) * Uracil (RNA only)

Question 32

What is the structure of a phospholipid?

Answer 32

* Hydrophilic/Polar head * Hydrophobic/Nonpolar tail