Chapter 2 Flashcards
(22 cards)
Cell
Smallest living unit
Fundamental unit of all living things
Cell membrane
Surrounds and protects cell
Regulates what goes in and out of cell
Nucleus
Control center of the cell.
Determines structure and function of the cell
Directs cell division
Contains chromosomes
Chromosomes
Rod like structures within the nucleus
Contain regions of DNA called genes
46 chromosomes (23 pairs) in EVERY cell except for the egg and sperm cells which have 23 individual UNPAIRED chromosomes.
Genes
Regions of DNA within each chromosome
Several thousand genes in an orderly sequence on every chromosome.
Every gene has a chemical called DNA (deoxyribose nucleic acid
DNA
Regulates the activities of the cell according to the sequence on each chromosome
DNA sequence resembles a series of recipes in code.
When sent out nucleus to rest of cells, directs the activities of the cell
Deoxyribonucleic acid
Chemical found within each chromosome
Karyotype
Photograph of an individual’s chromosome arranged by size, shape and number.
Cytoplasm
Includes all material outside the nucleus
Enclosed by the cell membrane
Carries on the work of the cell
Contains specialized apparatus to supply the chemical needs of the cell
Mitochondria
Small rod shaped bodies that provide that provide principal source of energy for the cell
Use nutrients and oxygen to release energy that is stored in food.
Catabolism
Chemical process where foods are broken down into simpler substances
Energy is released by the mitochondria during this process.
Provides the energy for cells to do the work of the body.
Occurs in mitochondria
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Network (reticulum) of canals within the cytoplasm of the cell.
Canals are cellular tunnel systems that manufacture proteins for the cell.
Large proteins are made from smaller protein pieces called amino acids.
Ribosomes
Small granules attached to the endoplasmic reticulum
Build long chains of proteins
Arrange amino acids on the endoplasmic reticulum to make proteins
Anabolism
Occurs on the endoplasmic reticulum
Process of building up large proteins from small proteins pieces called amino acids
Metabolism
Anabolism and Catabolism (two processes) make up the cell’s metabolism
Total of chemical processes occurring in a cell.
Meta
Change
Bol
Cast
Somes
Bodies
Muscle cell
Long and slender
Contains fibers that aid in contracting and relaxing
Epithelial cell
(Lining and skin cell)
May be square and flat to provide protection
Nerve cell
May be long
Have various extensions that aid in the job of carrying impulses
Fat cell
Contains large empty spaces for fat storage
Differentiation
Change in cells as they mature and specialize
