Chapter 2

Question 1

The word atom comes from the Greek word atomos meaning:

Answer 1

“unable to cut.”

Question 2

the building blocks that comprise all forms of matter.

Answer 2

Atoms

Question 3

carbon (C) comes from the___ word _____, meaning ______

Answer 3

(1) Latin

(2) carbo

(3) “coal” or “charcoal;”

Question 4

_____ was named for the planet Neptune;

Answer 4

neptunium (N)

Question 5

einsteinium (Es) was named for scientist _____;

Answer 5

Albert Einstein

Question 6

californium (Cf) was named for the state of _____.

Answer 6

California

Question 7

are named for people, places, and things.

Answer 7

Elements

Question 8

Each ____ is identified by a one- or two-letter symbol.

Answer 8

element

Question 9

When two letters are used in the element symbol, the first is _____ and the second is ______.

Answer 9

uppercase

lowercase

Question 10

Long ago it was realized that groups of elements have similar properties, and that these elements could be arranged in a schematic way called the:

Answer 10

periodic table

Question 11

These are shiny substances that conduct heat and electricity. Metals are ductile, meaning they can be drawn into wires, and malleable, meaning they can be hammered into shapes.

Answer 11

Metals

Question 12

These have properties intermediate between metals and nonmetals.

Answer 12

Metalloids

Question 13

These are poor conductors of heat and electricity.

Answer 13

Nonmetals

Question 14

The elements in the periodic table are divided into three categories:

Answer 14

metals, nonmetals, and metalloids.

Question 15

The solid line that begins with ____ and angles in steps down to ______ marks the three regions corresponding to these groups.

Answer 15

boron B

astatine (At)

Question 16

All metals are located to the __ of the line.

Answer 16

left

Question 17

All nonmetals except hydrogen are located to the ___.

Answer 17

right

Question 18

Metalloids are located:

Answer 18

along the steps.

Question 19

Four nonmetals _____ comprise ____ of the mass of the human body, and are called the ___

Answer 19

oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen

96%

building-block elements

Question 20

_____ are the elements that form water, the most prevalent substance in the body.

Answer 20

Hydrogen and oxygen

Question 21

______ are found in the four main types of biological molecules

Answer 21

Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

Question 22

four main types of biological molecules are

Answer 22

proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids.

Question 23

Proteins and nucleic acids
contain the element ____ as well.

Answer 23

nitrogen

Question 24

Seven other elements, called the ______ or _____, are also present in the body in much smaller amounts

Answer 24

major minerals or macronutrients

Question 25

What’s the percentage of the major minerals that are present in the body?

Answer 25

0.1-2% by mass

Question 26

______ are present in body fluids.

Answer 26

Sodium, potassium, and chlorine

Question 27

These occur in proteins

Answer 27

Magnesium and sulfur

Question 28

These are present in teeth and bones.

Answer 28

calcium and phosphorus

Question 29

This is also contained in all nucleic acids, such as the DNA that transfers genetic information from one generation to another.

Answer 29

Phosphorus

Question 30

At least _____ of each macronutrient is needed in the daily diet.

Answer 30

100 mg

Question 31

Many other elements occur in very small amounts in the body, but are essential to—

Answer 31

good health.

Question 32

These are required in the daily diet in small quantities, usually less than _____.

Answer 32

Trace elements or micronutrients 15 mg

Question 33

Each trace element has a specialized function that is important for proper _____

Answer 33

cellular function.

Question 34

This is needed for hemoglobin, the protein that carries oxygen in red blood cells, and myoglobin, the protein thatstores oxygen in muscle.

Answer 34

iron

Question 35

This is needed for the proper functioning of many enzymes in the liver and kidneys

Answer 35

Zinc

Question 36

This is needed for proper thyroid function.

Answer 36

iodine

Question 37

Although most of the trace elements are metals, nonmetals like _____ are micronutrients as well.

Answer 37

fluorine and selenium

Question 38

Bullding-Block Elements (4)

Answer 38

Oxygen (0) Carbon(C) Hydrogen(H) Nitrogen (N)

Question 39

Trace elements (14)

Answer 39

Arsenic(As) Boron (B) Chromium (Cr) Cobalt(Co) Copper(Cu) Fluorine (F) lodine (I) Iron (Fe) Manganese (Mn) Molybdenum(Mo) Nickel (Ni) Selenium (Se) Silicon(Si) Zinc (Zn)

Question 40

Major minerals

Answer 40

Potassium (K) sodium(Na) chlorine (CI) Magnesium (Mg) sulfur (S) Calcium (Ca) phosphorus(P)

Question 41

A _____ uses element symbols to show the identity of the elements forming a compound and subscripts to show the ratio of atoms contained in the compound.

Answer 41

chemical formula

Question 42

These are used to identify the common elements that form compounds.

Answer 42

Color-coded spheres

Question 43

Sometimes the spheres will be connected by "sticks" to generate a ____ for a compound.

Answer 43

ball-and-stick representation

Question 44

At other times, the spheres will be drawn close together to form a____

Answer 44

space-filling representation.

Question 45

human cheek cellcontains about ____

Answer 45

1x10^16

Question 46

An ____ is composed of three subatomic particles. Which are?

Answer 46

atom Proton Electron Neutron

Question 48

A ____, symbolized by p, has a positive (+) charge.

Answer 48

proton

Question 49

An _____, symbolized bye , has a negative (-) charge

Answer 49

electron

Question 50

, symbolized by n , has no charge.

Answer 50

A neutron

Question 52

Of the118 elements currently known, ___ are naturally occurring and the remaining ____ have been prepared by scientists in the laboratory.

Answer 52

90 28

Question 53

These have approximately the same, exceedingly small mass,

Answer 53

Protons and neutrons

Question 54

The mass of an electron is much less, ___ the mass of a proton.

Answer 54

1/1,836

Question 55

The ___ is a dense core that contains the protons and neutrons. Most of the mass of an atom resides in the ____.

Answer 55

nucleus

Question 56

The ______ is composed of electrons that move rapidly in the almost-empty space surrounding the nucleus.The ______ comprises most of the volume of an atom.

Answer 56

electron cloud

Question 57

While the diameter of an atom is about ____, the diameter of a nucleus si only about _____

Answer 57

10^-10 m 10^-15 m

Question 58

Proton mass (g)

Answer 58

1.6726 x 10^-24

Question 59

Neutron mass (g)

Answer 59

1.6749 x 10^-24

Question 60

Electron mass (g)

Answer 60

9.1093 x 10^-28

Question 61

Proton mass (amu)

Answer 61

1

Question 62

Neutron mass (amu)

Answer 62

1

Question 63

Electron mass (amu)

Answer 63

Negligible

Question 64

Proton charge

Answer 64

+1

Question 65

Neutron charge

Answer 65

0

Question 66

Electron charge

Answer 66

-1

Question 67

These charges repel.

Answer 67

Negative and positive

Question 68

This charge attracts.

Answer 68

Opposite charges

Question 69

the ______, which defines the mass of individual atoms relative to a standard mass.

Answer 69

atomic mass unit

Question 70

One atomic mass unit (amu) equals ____ the mass of a carbon atom

Answer 70

one-twelfth

Question 71

The mass of a carbon atom has that has _______

Answer 71

six protons and six neutrons

Question 72

(Carbon atom) 1 amu = ____

Answer 72

1.661 × 10^-24 g

Question 73

one proton has a mass of ____, a value typically rounded to 1 amu.

Answer 73

1.0073 amu

Question 74

One neutron has a mass of ____, a value also typically rounded to 1 amu

Answer 74

1.0087 amu

Question 75

The mass of an ____ is so small that it is ignored.

Answer 75

electron

Question 76

Every atom of a given type of element always has the same number of protons in the nucleus, a value called the ____, symbolized by Z.

Answer 76

atomic number

Question 77

The _______ = the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

Answer 77

atomic number (Z)

Question 78

The periodic table is arranged in order of increasing atomic number beginning at the

Answer 78

upper left-hand corner.

Question 79

The _____ determines the identity of a nelement.

Answer 79

atomic number

Question 80

The ____, symbolized by A, is the sum of the number of protons and neutrons.

Answer 80

mass number

Question 81

In a neutral atom, the atomic number (Z) =

Answer 81

the number of protons= the number of electrons.

Question 82

These are atoms of the same element having a different number of neutrons.

Answer 82

Isotopes

Question 83

The _____ is the weighted average of the mass of the naturally occurring isotopes of a particular element reported in atomic mass units.

Answer 83

atomic weight

Question 84

A row in the periodic table is called a _____. Elements in the same row are similar in size.

Answer 84

period

Question 85

A column in the periodic table is called a ____. Elements in the same group have similar electronic and chemical properties.

Answer 85

group

Question 86

The chemical properties of an element are determined by the number of _____ in an atom.

Answer 86

electrons

Question 87

_____ do not move freely in space; rather, an/a ______ is confined to a specific region, giving it a particular energy.

Answer 87

Electrons

Question 88

Electrons occupy ____ energy levels. The energy of electrons is_____; that is, the energy is restricted to specific values.

Answer 88

discrete quantized

Question 89

The electrons that surround a nucleus are confined to regions called the:

Answer 89

principal energy levels or shells.

Question 90

Electrons ___ to the nucleus are held more tightly and are lower in energy.

Answer 90

closer

Question 91

Electrons ___ from the nucleus are held less tightly and are higher in energy.

Answer 91

farther

Question 92

The ____ a shell is from the nucleus, the ____ its volume becomes, and the more electrons it can hold.

Answer 92

farther larger

Question 93

The maximum number of electrons is given by the formula

Answer 93

2n^2

Question 94

The number of electrons that can occupy a given shell is determined by the value of

Answer 94

n