Chapter 2

Question 1

Epigenesis

Answer 1

The emergence of new structures and functions in the course of development

Question 2

Gametes (germ cells)

Answer 2

Reproductive cells - egg and sperm - that contain only half the genetic material of all the other cells in the body

Question 3

Meiosis

Answer 3

Cell division that produces gametes

Question 4

Conception

Answer 4

The union of an egg and a sperm

Question 5

Zygote

Answer 5

A fertilized egg cell

Question 6

Embryo

Answer 6

The developing organism from the 3rd to 8th week of prenatal development

Question 7

Fetus

Answer 7

The developing organism from the 9th week to birth

Question 8

Mitosis

Answer 8

Cell division that results in two identical cells

Question 9

Embryonic stem cells

Answer 9

Embryonic cells, which can develop into any type of body cell

Question 10

Apoptosis

Answer 10

Genetically programmed cell death

Question 11

Identical (monozygotic) twins

Answer 11

Twins that result from the splitting in half of the zygote, resulting in each of the two resulting zygotes having exactly the same set of genes

Question 12

Fraternal (dizygotic) twins

Answer 12

Twins that result when two eggs happen to be released into the fallopian tube at the same time and are fertilized by two different sperm; fraternal twins only have half their genes in common

Question 13

Ectopic pregnancy

Answer 13

Pregnancy in which the fertilized egg implants and grows in an organ outside of the uterus (most often in a fallopian tube), preventing normal growth of the fetus and putting the expectant parent at risk of life-threatening injury

Question 14

Neural tube

Answer 14

A groove formed in the top layer of differentiated cells in the embryo that eventually becomes the brain and spinal cord

Question 15

Amniotic sac

Answer 15

A transparent, fluid-filled membrane that surrounds and protects the fetus

Question 16

Placenta

Answer 16

A support organ for the fetus; it keeps the circulatory systems of the fetus and pregnant parent separate, but a semi-permeable membrane permits the exchange of some materials between them (oxygen and nutrients from pregnant parent to fetus, and carbon dioxide and waste products from fetus to pregnant parent)

Question 17

Umbilical cord

Answer 17

A tube containing the blood vessels connecting the fetus and the placenta

Question 18

Cephalocaudal development

Answer 18

The pattern of growth in which areas near the head develop earlier than areas farther from the head

Question 19

Phylogenetic continuity

Answer 19

Humans share many characteristics, behaviors, and developmental processes with nonhuman animals, especially mammals, due to our common evolutionary history

Question 20

Habituation

Answer 20

A simple form of learning that involves a decrease in response to repeated or continued stimulation

Question 21

Dishabituation

Answer 21

The introduction of a new stimulus rekindles interest following habituation to a repeated stimulus

Question 22

Teratogen

Answer 22

An external agent that causes damage or death during prenatal development

Question 23

Sensitive period

Answer 23

The period during which a developing organism is most sensitive to the effects of external factors

Question 24

Dose-response relation

Answer 24

A relation in which the effect of exposure to an element increases with the extent of exposure (prenatally, the more exposure a fetus has to a potential teratogen, the more severe its effect is likely to be)

Question 25

Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

Answer 25

The sudden, unexpected death of an infant younger than 1 year that has no identifiable cause

Question 26

Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD)

Answer 26

The harmful effects of alcohol consumption on a developing fetus, including characteristic facial features, intellectual developmental disorder, attentional challenges, and hyperactivity

Question 27

State

Answer 27

Level of arousal and engagement in the environment, ranging from deep sleep to intense activity

Question 28

Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep

Answer 28

An active sleep state characterized by quick, jerky eye movements under closed lids and associated with dreaming in adults

Question 29

Non-REM sleep

Answer 29

A quiet or deep sleep state characterized by absence of motor activity or eye movements and more regular, slow brain waves, breathing, and heart rate

Question 30

Swaddling

Answer 30

A soothing technique, used in many cultures, that involves wrapping a baby tightly in cloths or a blanket

Question 31

Colic

Answer 31

Excessive, inconsolable crying by a young infant for no apparent reason

Question 32

Apgar score

Answer 32

Method for evaluating the health of the newborn immediately following birth based on skin tone, pulse rate, facial response, arm and leg activity, and breathing

Question 33

Infant mortality

Answer 33

Death during the first year after birth

Question 34

Low birth weight (LBW)

Answer 34

A birth weight of less that 5,5 pounds (2500 grams)

Question 35

Premature

Answer 35

Any child born at 35 weeks after conception or earlier (as opposed to the normal term of 38 weeks)

Question 36

Small for gestational age

Answer 36

Babies who weigh substantially less than is normal for whatever their gestational age

Question 37

Developmental resilience

Answer 37

Successful development in spite of multiple and seemingly overwhelming developmental hazards