CHAPTER 2

Question 1

When and where did the tests and testing programs first came into being?

Answer 1

In China, 2200 BCE

Question 2

True or False. In 195 b.c.e, the former system of selecting government officials mostly by heredity was replaced by a system of recommendation and
investigation.

Answer 2

False, 196 bce

Question 3

In dynasties with state-sponsored examinations for official positions.

Answer 3

Imperial examination

Question 4

He had anticipated psychology as a science and psychological measurement as a specialty within that science.

Answer 4

Christian von Wolff (1732, 1734)

Question 5

He pioneered the use of a statistical concept central to psychological experimentation and testing: the coefficient of correlation.

Answer 5

Francis Galton

Question 6

“the greatest man I have known”

Answer 6

Galton

Question 7

The psychologist who is credited with coining the term “mental test” 1890

Answer 7

James McKeen Cattell (1860–1944)

Question 8

The goal of the psychologiccal corporation was the

Answer 8

“advancement of psychology and the promotion of the useful applications of psychology.”

Question 9

He is credited with originating the concept of test reliability as well as building the mathematical framework for the statistical technique of factor analysis.

Answer 9

Charles Spearman

Question 10

They collaborated on papers suggesting how mental tests could be used to measure higher
mental processes.

Answer 10

Victor Henri and Alfred Binet

Question 11

He was an early experimenter with the word association technique as a formal test.

Answer 11

Psychiatrist Emil Kraepelin

Question 12

He received his Ph.D. from Leipzig and went on to succeed Cattell as director of the psychology laboratory at the University of Pennsylvania.

Answer 12

Lightner Witmer

Question 13

He is cited as the “little-known founder of clinical psychology,” owing at least in part to his being challenged to treat a “chronic bad speller” in March of 1896

Answer 13

Witmer

Question 14

In what -century testing that could be described as psychological in nature involved the measurement of sensory abilities, reaction time, and the like.

Answer 14

nineteenth-century

Question 15

True or False. In early 1800s with the birth of the first formal tests of intelligence.

Answer 15

1900s

Question 16

the measurement of abilities such as memory and social comprehension

Answer 16

The measurement of intelligence 

Question 17

It is designed to help identify Paris schoolchildren with intellectual disability (Binet & Simon, 1905).

Answer 17

(30-item) “measuring scale of intelligence”

Question 18

For him, intelligence was “the aggregate or global capacity of the individual to act purposefully, to think rationally, and to deal effectively with his environment”

Answer 18

Wechsler

Question 19

A natural outgrowth of the individually administered intelligence test devised by Binet was the _________intelligence test.

Answer 19

group

Question 20

To disguise the true purpose of one such test, the questionnaire was labeled as a _____________

Answer 20

Personal Date Sheet (woodworth)

Question 21

A personality test for civilian use that was based
on the Personal Data Sheet.

Answer 21

Woodworth Psychoneurotic Inventory.

Question 22

It refers to a process whereby assessees themselves supply assessment-related
information by responding to questions, keeping a diary, or self monitoring thoughts or behaviors.

Answer 22

self-report

Question 23

It is one in which an individual is assumed to “project” onto some ambiguous stimulus his or her own unique needs, fears, hopes, and motivation.

Answer 23

Projective test

Question 24

best known of all projective tests is the _______, a series of inkblots

Answer 24

Rorschach

Question 25

Nineteenth-century

Answer 25

The measurement of intelligence  The measurement of personality The academic and applied traditions 

Question 26

Two distinct threads in development of psychological measurement.

Answer 26

academic and applied traditions

Question 27

It is is defined as “the socially transmitted behavior patterns, beliefs, and products of work of a particular population, community, or group of people”

Answer 27

Culture

Question 28

He had been highly instrumental in getting Binet’s test adopted for use in various settings in the United States, was the chief researcher assigned to the project.

Answer 28

Henry H. Goddard

Question 29

A tests designed for use with people from one culture but not from another, soon began to appear on the scene.

Answer 29

culture-specific tests

Question 30

Some Issues Regarding Culture and Assessment

Answer 30

Verbal communication Nonverbal communication and behavior  Standards of evaluation 

Question 31

A theory of personality and psychological treatment developed by Sigmund Freud, symbolic significance is assigned to many nonverbal acts.

Answer 31

Psychoanalysis

Question 32

It is (typically associated with the dominant culture in countries such as the United States and Great Britain) is characterized by value being placed on traits such as self-reliance, autonomy, independence, uniqueness, and competitiveness

Answer 32

Individualist culture

Question 33

It is (typically associated with the dominant culture in many countries throughout Asia, Latin America, and Africa), value is placed on traits such as conformity, cooperation, interdependence, and striving toward group goals

Answer 33

Collectivist culture

Question 34

The person raised in a/an_____________ exhibits behavior that is “organized and made meaningful primarily by reference to one’s own internal repertoire of thoughts, feelings, and action, rather than by reference to the thoughts, feelings, and actions of others”

Answer 34

individualist culture

Question 35

People raised in a _______________ see themselves as part of a larger whole, with much greater connectedness to others. And rather than seeing their own traits as stable over time and through situations, the person raised in a collectivist culture believes that “one’s behavior is determined, contingent on, and, to a large extent organized by what the actor perceives to be the thoughts, feelings, and actions of others in the relationship”

Answer 35

collectivist culture

Question 36

What happens when groups systematically differ in terms of scores on a particular test?

Answer 36

conflict

Question 37

In _______ assessment, test users are sensitive to legal and ethical mandates concerning the use of tests with regard to hiring, firing, and related decision making.

Answer 37

vocational

Question 38

It refers to voluntary and mandatory efforts undertaken by federal, state, and local governments, private employers, and schools to combat discrimination and to promote equal opportunity for all in education and employment

Answer 38

affirmative action

Question 39

Tests and other tools of assessment are portrayed as instruments that can have a momentous and immediate impact on one’s life.

Answer 39

Psychology, tests, and public policy 

Question 40

These are rules that individuals must obey for the good of the society as a whole—or rules thought to be for the good of society as a whole.

Answer 40

Laws

Question 41

a body of principles of right, proper, or good conduct.

Answer 41

ethics

Question 42

"the standard of care," recognized and accepted by members of a profession

Answer 42

code of professional ethics

Question 43

the level at which the average, reasonable, and prudent professional would provide diagnostic or therapeutic services under the same or similar conditions.

Answer 43

Standard of care

Question 44

formal testing programs designed to be used in decisions regarding various aspects of students’ education.

Answer 44

minimum competency testing programs

Question 45

The primary objective of these laws was to give testtakers a way to learn the criteria by which they are being judged.

Answer 45

Truth-in-testing legislation

Question 46

A selection procedure whereby a fixed number or percentage of applicants from certain backgrounds were selected.

Answer 46

Quota system

Question 47

practice of making distinctions in hiring, promotion, or other selection decisions that tend to systematically favor members of a majority group regardless of actual qualifications for positions.

Answer 47

discrimination

Question 48

may be defined as the practice of making distinctions in hiring, promotion, or other selection decisions that systematically tend to favor racially, ethnically, socioeconomically, or culturally diverse persons regardless of actual qualifications for positions.

Answer 48

reverse discrimination

Question 49

refers to the consequence of an employer’s hiring or promotion practice that was intentionally devised to yield some discriminatory result or outcome.

Answer 49

disparate treatment

Question 50

refers to the consequence of an employer’s hiring or promotion practice that unintentionally yielded a discriminatory result or outcome.

Answer 50

disparate impact

Question 51

It can result in bringing an important and timely matter to the attention of legislators, thus serving as a stimulus to the creation of new legislation.

Answer 51

Litigation

Question 52

The Concerns of the Profession

Answer 52

Test-user qualifications Testing people with disabilities   Computerized test administration, scoring, and interpretation. Guidelines with respect to certain populations

Question 53

three levels of tests and define each

Answer 53

Level A - can adequately be administered, scored, and interpreted with the aid of the manual and a general orientation Level B - require some technical knowledge of test construction and use and of supporting psychological and educational fields Level C - require substantial understanding of testing and supporting psychological fields together with supervised experience in the use of these devices

Question 54

APA Committee on Ethical Standards for Psychology published a report called ____

Answer 54

Ethical Standards for the Distribution of Psychological Tests and Diagnostic Aids.

Question 55

The Rights of Testtakers

Answer 55

The right of informed consent  The right to be informed of test findings The right to privacy and confidentiality  The right to the least stigmatizing label