Chapter 2

Question 1

Theory of Evolution

Answer 1

Genetic change of a population over time

Question 2

Theory of Natural Selection

Answer 2

Proposed by Charles Darwin
Individuals with the best traits are the most successful in reproduction
This explains the fluctuation of traits in a population over time

Question 3

4 Rules of Natural Selection

Answer 3

Individuals within a population vary, traits are heritable, populations don’t grow exponentially due to limited resources, beneficial traits survive better and are passed to offspring

Question 4

Selective Agents

Answer 4

Selection pressures
ex. environment, mate choice, predation

Question 5

Heritable

Answer 5

Able to be transmitted to offspring from parent via genetics

Question 6

Adaptation

Answer 6

Heritable trait that evolves through natural selection to maintain or increase fitness

Question 7

Fitness

Answer 7

Number of viable offspring and how much of your genetic information they carry

Question 8

Microevolution vs Macroevolution

Answer 8

Within a species vs above the species level

Question 9

Sexual selection vs Artificial selection

Answer 9

Process that leads to adaptations to increase chances of reproduction
vs
Humans selecting who breeds based on desired traits

Question 10

Mutation

Answer 10

Heritable change in a gene or chromosome

Question 11

Phylogeny

Answer 11

Hypothesis of history of evolution of a species or group

Question 12

Homologous vs Analogous structures

Answer 12

1. Common ancestor, similar structures
2. Similar trait formed from similar environments, convergent evolution

Question 13

Phylogenetic trees/ Cladograms are formed from

Answer 13

Morphological traits and DNA

Question 14

Taxa, characters, roots, nodes, clades, sister taxa

Answer 14

1. New animal at tip of branch
2. Feature, places opposite of taxa
3. Initial line of the branches
4. Intersection of branches
5. Group of ancestor and all descendants
6. Adjacent branches that form a clade

Question 15

Plesiomorphy vs Synapomorphy

Answer 15

Old trait vs new trait

Question 16

Basal vs Derived

Answer 16

Primitive (old) vs advanced (new)

Question 17

5 Mechanisms of Evolution

Answer 17

Natural Selection
Mutation
Genetic Drift
Gene Flow
Assortative Mating

Question 18

2 Examples of Genetic Drift

Answer 18

Bottleneck effect- traits lost due to population reduction
Founder effect- small number dispersing

Question 19

Qualitative vs Quantitative traits

Answer 19

Few options vs variety

Question 20

H^2 vs h^2

Answer 20

Broad sense heritability (0=no resemblance) vs narrow sense heritability (0=less genetic variance)

Question 21

Variance

Answer 21

Spread of points around the mean
Statistical measurement of variability

Question 22

Dominance interactions

Answer 22

Alleles of the same gene can interact have distinct options

Question 23

Epistasis

Answer 23

Interaction between genes or genes and environment

Question 24

Additive genetic effects

Answer 24

Average effect, No interactions, measure what you can see like skin color

Question 25

Regression

Answer 25

Measure phenotypic behavior in parents and offspring and draw comparison

Question 26

Line of Best Fit

Answer 26

The slope is the heritability in the tested environment

Question 27

Phenotypic Variance =

Answer 27

Genetic Variance + Environmental Variance

Question 28

Truncation

Answer 28

Artificial simulation of selection pressure

Question 29

Heritability estimates refer to

Answer 29

Populations not individuals

Question 30

Cross Fostering experiments

Answer 30

Place young to be raised by different parents, shows how genetics/environment plays a role

Question 31

Adoption studies

Answer 31

Compare adopted children to their adoptive parents vs biological parents Verbal/Spatial performance more similar to biological parents