Chapter #2 Flashcards
During the course of Mendel’s experiments, he recognized two methods by which genetic material is passed to progeny. The primary distinction(s) between these conditions is/are:
- Only one involves cell division.
- Only one involves crossing over.
- They use different cytoskeletal components.
- 1,2, and 3.
- Only one involves crossing over.
the two methods: mitosis and meiosis.
What are the two methods that mendel realized can be used to pass genetic material to offspring?
- Mitosis.
- Meiosis.
True or false: Meiosis will utilize a microtubule spindle, while meiosis will utilize an actin spindle.
FALSE: Both mitosis and meiosis will utilize the same mitotic spindle, comprised of microtubules.
A biochemist tags CENTROSOME proteins with the fluorescent molecule FITC, and observes a mitotic cell with a confocal microscope. During late prophase, she will observe that the fluorescence is:
a. Concentrated at the edges of the cell.
b. Concentrated at the middle of the cell.
c. Gradually moving toward the center of the cell.
d. Randomly distributed throughout the cell.
c - Concentrated at the edge of the cell
This is because the centrosomes are where the microtubules for the mitotic spindle will arise from and we need on mitotic spindle arising from either side of the cell’s edge.
A biochemist tags DNA protective proteins with the fluorescent molecule FITC, and observes a mitotic cell with a confocal microscope. During late prophase, she will observe that the fluorescence is:
a. Concentrated at the edges of the cell.
b. Concentrated at the middle of the cell.
c. Gradually moving toward the center of the cell.
d. Randomly distributed throughout the cell.
c - gradually moving toward the cell.
This is because during LATE prophase, the chromosomes will begin to move toward the midline so they can line up for metaphase.
concentrated at the center of the cell = metaphase.
Concentrated at the edge of the cell = telophase.
The microtubule arises from the:
Centrosome - our primary microtubule organizing center (MTOC)
Mitochondrial DNA in inherited from:
a. Both mother and father.
b. Only father.
c. Only mother.
d. It is made independently, not inherited.
c - only mother.
Organogenesis during fetal development requires a large supply of ATP. This ATP is sourced from:
a. Gene products from maternal DNA only.
b. Gene products from paternal DNA only.
c. Gene products from both paternal and maternal DNA equally.
d. Gene products from both paternal and maternal, unequal.
d - gene products from both maternal and paternal DNA, unequally.
This is because only a portion of the genes required for ATP production are contained on mitochondrial DNA, some come from regular DNA.
Regular DNA is inherited equally, while mitochondria is only inherited from maternal DNA - so it would be unequal, but still some gene products from paternal side.
DNA analysis is often used to determine maternity and paternity. When only looking at the chromosomal DNA, which of the following is true for a male child?
a. Maternity is easier to establish than paternity, though both are possible.
b. Paternity is easier to establish than maternity, though both are possible.
c. It is equally easy to determine maternity and paternity.
d. We cannot determine maternity or paternity using chromosomal DNA.
b - Paternity is easier to establish than maternity, though both are possible.
This is because the Y chromosome must be passed from father to son. The Y chromosome carries a very small amount of genes, so locating 1 loci on the sons DNA and comparing it to the fathers DNA is relatviely quick and easy.
A mother needs to provide proof of maternity for her child, in order to settle a domestic dispute. The quickest way to achieve this is:
a. To analyze mitochondrial DNA in the child, as compared to the mother.
b. To analyze the childs Y chromosome, in comparison to the mother’s genome.
c. To analyze the chromosomal DNA from an autosome of the child, in comparison to the mother.
d. To compare mitochondrial DNA from the child, as compared to the father.
a - To analyze mitochondrial DNA in the child, as compared to the mother.
This is because mitochondrial DNA can only be passed down from the mother, so it will not have any of the fathers genes. This allows us to find a singe loci on the mitochondrial DNA, and compare it to the mothers, to test for maternity.
If we want to determine maternity and paternity using only autosomal DNA, what must be done?
a. Comparing the X and Y chromosomes of the child to those of the parents.
b. Comparing gene products from the child, to those of the parents.
c. Comparing DNA found in the mitochondria of the child to those of the parents.
d. Comparing allele frequencies between the child, and those of the parents.
d - comparing allele frequencies between the child and those of the parents.
a - (XY are sex chromosomes not autosomes)
b - (gene products may be similar throughout a species)
c - (this is regarding mitochondrial DNA, which is passed down by mom)
A human epithelial cell is undergoing mitosis. During anaphase, how would you describe the genetic material?
a. 2 sets, with 23 chromosomes - each chromosome distinct - getting pulled apart.
b. 2 sets, with 23 chromosomes - as sister chromatids - getting pulled apart.
c. 2 sets, with 46 chromosomes - each chromosome distinct - getting pulled apart.
d. 2 sets, with 46 chromosomes each - as sister chromatids - getting pulled apart.
c - 2 sets, with 46 chromosomes - each chromosome distinct - getting pulled apart.
In anaphase of MITOSIS, sister chromatids get pulled apart, making 2 sets of 46 independant chromosomes.
A human epithelial cell is undergoing meiosis 1. During anaphase, how would you describe the genetic material?
a. 2 sets, with 23 chromosomes - each chromosome distinct - getting pulled apart.
b. 2 sets, with 23 chromosomes - as sister chromatids - getting pulled apart.
c. 2 sets, with 46 chromosomes - each chromosome distinct - getting pulled apart.
d. 2 sets, with 46 chromosomes each - as sister chromatids - getting pulled apart.
b - s sets, with 23 chromosomes - as sister chromatids - getting pulled apart.
Meiosis 1 pulls homologus chromosomes (made of 2 sister chromatids) to opposite sides.
A human epithelial cell is undergoing meiosis 2. During anaphase, how would you describe the genetic material?
a. 2 sets, with 23 chromosomes - each chromosome distinct - getting pulled apart.
b. 2 sets, with 23 chromosomes - as sister chromatids - getting pulled apart.
c. 2 sets, with 46 chromosomes - each chromosome distinct - getting pulled apart.
d. 2 sets, with 46 chromosomes each - as sister chromatids - getting pulled apart.
2 sets, with 23 chromosomes - each chromosome distinct - getting pulled apart.
Meiosis 2 seperates sister chromatids, and pulls single chromosomes to either side of the cell.
