Chapter 2

Question 0

A statement that attempts to predict or to account for a set of phenomena; scientific hypotheses specify relationships among events or variables and are empirically tested

Answer 0

Hypothesis

Question 1

An organized system of assumptions and principals that purports to explain a specified set of phenomena and their interrelationships

Answer 1

Theory

Question 2

A precise definition of a term in a hypothesis,which specifies the operations for observing and measuring the process or phenomenon being defined

Answer 2

Operational Definition

Question 3

The principle that a scientific theory must make predictions that are specific enough to expose the theory to the possibility of disconfirmation; that is, the theory must predict not only what will happen but also what will not happen

Answer 3

Principal of falsifiability

Question 4

The tendency to look for or pay attention only to information that confirms one’s own belief

Answer 4

Confirmation Bias

Question 5

repeat studies to verify-or challenge-the findings

Answer 5

Replicate

Question 6

Scientists are expected to submit their results to professional journals, which send the findings to experts in the field for evaluation before deciding whether to publish them. An effort to ensure that the work lives up to accepted scientific standards

Answer 6

Peer Review

Question 7

A group of individuals, selected from a population for study, which matches the population on important characteristics such as age and sex

Answer 7

Representative Sample

Question 8

Methods that yield descriptions of behavior but not necessarily causal explanations

Answer 8

Descriptive Methods

Question 9

A detailed description of a particular individual being studied or treated

Answer 9

Case Study

Question 10

A study in which a researcher carefully and systematically observes ad recorded behavior without interfering with the behavior; it may involve either naturalistic or laboratory observation.

Answer 10

Observational Study

Question 11

Purpose if to find out how people or animals act in their normal social environments

Answer 11

Naturalistic Observation

Question 12

Researchers have more control of the situation; Observations made in a laboratory setting

Answer 12

Laboratory Observation

Question 13

Procedures used to measure and evaluate personality traits, emotional states, aptitudes, interests, abilities, and values

Answer 13

Psychological Tests

Question 14

In test construction, to develop uniform procedures for giving and scoring a test

Answer 14

Standardize

Question 15

In test construction, established standards of performance

Answer 15

Norms

Question 16

In test construction, the consistency of score derived from a test, from one time and place to another

Answer 16

Reliability

Question 17

The ability of a test to measure what it was designed to measure

Answer 17

Validity

Question 18

measured by giving the test twice to the same group of people and comparing the two sets of score statistically

Answer 18

Test-retest reliability

Question 19

Computed by giving different versions of the same test to the same group on two separate occasions

Answer 19

Alternate-forms reliability

Question 20

The items broadly represent the trait in question

Answer 20

Content validity

Question 21

Ability to predict independent measures, or criteria, of the trait in question

Answer 21

Criterion Validity

Question 22

Questionnaires and interviews that ask people directly about their experiences; the volunteers may differ fro those who did not volunteer

Answer 22

Surveys

Question 23

A shortcoming of findings derived from a sample of volunteers instead of a representative sample; the volunteers may differ from those who did not volunteer

Answer 23

Volunteer Bias

Question 24

A descriptive study that looks for a consistent relationship between two phenomena

Answer 24

Correlational Study

Question 25

A measure of hoe strongly tow variables are related to one another

Answer 25

Correlation

Question 26

Characteristics of behavior or experience that can be measured or described by a numerical scale

Answer 26

Variables

Question 27

An association between increase in one variable and increase in another- or between decrease in one and in decrease in another

Answer 27

Positive Correlation

Question 28

An association between increases in one variable and decreases in another

Answer 28

Negative correlation

Question 29

A measure of correlation that ranges in value from -1.00 to +1.00

Answer 29

Coefficient of correlation

Question 30

apparent associations between two things that are not really related

Answer 30

Illusory Correlations

Question 31

A controlled test of a hypothesis in which the research manipulates one variable to discover its effect on another

Answer 31

Experiment

Question 32

A variable that an experimenter predicts will be affected by manipulations of the independent variable

Answer 32

dependent variable

Question 33

In an experiment, a comparison condition in which participants are not exposed to the same treatment as in the experimental condition

Answer 33

Control Condition

Question 34

Studies in which participants are assigned are called what type(s) of group(s)

Answer 34

Experimental and Control Group

Question 35

A procedure for assigning people to experimental and control groups in which each individual has the same probability as any other of being assigned to a given group

Answer 35

Random Assignment

Question 36

An inactive substance or fake treatment used as a control in an experimental or given by a medical practitioner to a patient

Answer 36

Placebo

Question 37

An experiment in which participants do not know whether they are in a n experimental or control group

Answer 37

Single-Blind Study

Question 38

Unintended changes in study participants' behavior due to cues that the experimenter inadvertently conveys

Answer 38

Experimenter Effects

Question 39

An experiment in which neither the people being studied nor the individuals running the study know who is in the control group and who is in the experimental group until after the results are tallied

Answer 39

Double-Blind Study

Question 40

Descriptive experimental research conducted in a natural setting outside the laboratory

Answer 40

Field Research

Question 41

Statistical procedures that organize and summarize research data

Answer 41

Descriptive Statistics

Question 42

An average that is calculated by adding up a set of quantities and dividing the sum by the total number of quantities in the set

Answer 42

Arithmetic Mean

Question 43

A commonly used measure of variability that indicates the average difference between scores in a distribution and their mean

Answer 43

Standard Deviation

Question 44

Statistical procedures that allow researchers to draw inferences about how statistically meaningful a study's results are

Answer 44

Inferential Statistics

Question 45

Statistical tests that show how likely it is that a study's results occurred merely by chance

Answer 45

Significance test

Question 46

A good probability that the difference we got in our study is real

Answer 46

Statistical Significance

Question 47

A statistical measure the provides, with a specified probability, a range of values within which a population mean is likely to lie

Answer 47

Confidence Interval

Question 48

The probability of obtaining a test statistic at least as extreme as the one that was actually observed, assuming that the null hypothesis is true

Answer 48

p value

Question 49

A study in which people (or animals) of different ages are compared at a give time

Answer 49

Cross-sectional study

Question 50

A study in which people (or animals) are followed and periodically reassessed over a period of time

Answer 50

Longitudinal Study

Question 51

An objective, standardized way of describing the strength of independent variable's influence on the dependent variable

Answer 51

Meta-Analysis

Question 52

Statistics that involve a formula for calculating the likelihood of a hypothesis being true and meaningful, taking into account relevant prior knowledge

Answer 52

Bayesian Statistics

Question 53

The doctrine that anyone who participates in human research must do so voluntarily and must know enough about the study to make an intelligent decision about whether to take part

Answer 53

Informed Consent

Question 54

Used to compare the risk in two different groups of people

Answer 54

Relative Risk

Question 55

Uses the actual numbers to find the risk

Answer 55

Absolute Risk