Chapter 2

Question 1

What is a protein

Answer 1

A biomacromolecule found in living things

Question 2

Proteome

Answer 2

Entire set of proteins expressed by an organism at a given time

Question 3

Amino acids

Answer 3

The building blocks of proteins. Joined together via a condensation reaction and water is released as a byproduct

Question 4

Polypeptide

Answer 4

. Chain of amino acids

Question 5

Amino acid structure

Answer 5

Amino group, r group, hydrogen, carboxyl group

Question 6

Monomer

Answer 6

Single molecule not chemically bound

Question 7

Polymer

Answer 7

Many monomers chemically bound together and repeats

Question 8

The 4 nucleic acids

Answer 8

Dna
mRNA messenger
tRNA transfer
rRNA ribosomal

Question 9

DNA

Answer 9

A double stranded nucleic acid chain made of nucleotides
Instructions for protein production
Triplet

Question 10

mRNA

Answer 10

Transcription and translation. Carries a copy of DNA template to the ribosome
Codons

Question 11

tRNA

Answer 11

Translation. Contains anticodons and carries the required amino acid to the ribosome
Anticodons

Question 12

rRNA

Answer 12

Translation. Provides binding site within ribosome for mRNA

Question 13

Protein structure

Answer 13

There are four levels of protein structure. Describe how a polypeptide chain folds to form this shape

Question 14

Primary structure

Answer 14

Single chain of amino acids

Question 15

Secondary structure

Answer 15

Alpha helices and beta pleated sheets

Question 16

Tertiary structure

Answer 16

Polypeptide chain. 3D structure

Question 17

Quaternary structure

Answer 17

2 or more polypeptide chains joined together

Question 18

Features of dna

Answer 18

Universal
Heritable
Antiparralel
Double stranded
Degenerate/redundant

Question 19

Nucleic acids

Answer 19

Nucleic acids are information carrying macromolecules that are found in all cells and viruses.they have an important role in protein synthesis

Question 20

Genome

Answer 20

Complete set of DNA in an organism

Question 21

Nucleotides

Answer 21

The monomer unit of nucleic acids
Phosphate group
Sugar
Nitrogenous base (A T G C)

Question 22

DNA vs RNA

Answer 22

Can’t leave nucleus - can leave nucleus
Double stranded - single stranded
Less oxygen- more oxygen
Thymine - uracil
Deoxyribose sugar-ribose sugar

Question 23

. Gene

Answer 23

‘a section of DNA that codes for a protein.a sequence of nucleotides

Question 24

Steps of DNA to protein

Answer 24

1. Transcription
2. RNA processing
3. Translation

Question 25

Degenerate

Answer 25

An amino acid with more than one code

Question 26

Transcription

Answer 26

Occurs in the nucleus. Coding strand is 5' to 3' Template strand is 3' to 5' Transcription factors bind to promoter to activate process DNA unwinds RNA polymerase binds to promoter. 3” on template strand Polymerase creates new strand 5' to 3' called pre mRNA

Question 27

RNA processing

Answer 27

In nucleus Intron splicing Polydehylation-poly a tails added to 3' end Capping - methyl cap added to 5' end To insulate and protect mRNA Exon shuffling - order f exons can be rearranged

Question 28

Translation

Answer 28

In ribosome mRNA feeds into ribosome tRNA match their anticodons with corresponding codons Form peptide bonds Produce polypeptide bond

Question 29

Structural gene

Answer 29

Proteins involved in structure or function

Question 30

Regulatory genes

Answer 30

Regulatory proteins

Question 31

Operon

Answer 31

A cluster of linked genes that share a promoter and operator

Question 32

Operator

Answer 32

Short region of DNA that interacts with repressor proteins

Question 33

Promoter

Answer 33

The sequence of DNA to which RNA polymerase binds to

Question 34

Exocytosis

Answer 34

The process by which the contents of a vesicle are released from a cell. Requires energy (ATP) Bulk transport

Question 35

Process of exocytosis

Answer 35

1. Vesicle containing secretory products is transported to the plasma membrane 2. Membrane of the vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane 3. Secretory products are released from the cell into the extracellular environment

Question 36

Organelles involved in exocytosis

Answer 36

Nucleus Ribosomes-synthesise proteins RER - folding of polypeptide chains Transport vesicles- transports from RER to Golgi Golgi apparatus- modifies and packages proteins for export Secretory export- transports proteins for exocytosis

Question 38

Trp operon

Answer 38

Regulatory gene is responsible for producing the repressor protein

Question 39

Repression

Answer 39

Free floating trp 1. Trp binds to repressor protein and conformation change 2. Repressor protein binds to operator 3. Path of rna polymerase is blocked by repressor

Question 40

Attenuation

Answer 40

tRNA bound trp Attenuator sequence in leader region 1. Transcription and translation occur simultaneously because prokaryotes don’t have nucleus 2. Ribosome arrives at the attenuator sequence 3. Terminator hairpin loop 4. Transcription stops and translation ends