chapter 2 Flashcards
(19 cards)
define the following terms and explain their significance in respiratory therapy
pleural effusion
diaphragm
pneumothorax
anatomical shunt
Pleural effusion-raises intera pleural pressure making it hard for lungs to expand. Increases W.O.B.
Diaphragm- (involuntary)primary muscle for inspiration: inhalation:contracts/flattens/expands lungs
exhalation: relax/domeshaped
pneumothorax-air leaks into pleural space causing lung collapse. Disrupts normal breathing
anatomical shunt- oxygenated blood in pulmonary vein mix w/ deoxygenated blood from bronchial wall capillary beds. creates alveolar to arterial oxygen pressure P(A-a)O2.
explain why the left lung is smaller than the right lung. How does this affect respiratory function or any potential treatments
left lung is reduced to make room for the heart.
doesnt affect it.
describe the role of pleural fluid in breathing.what might happen if the fluid is in excess
acts as lubricant. ensuring lungs &chest wall move smoothly during respiration
*pleural shortness of breath, chest pain, lungs unable to expand
list and describe the role of the primary m,uscles of ventilation during quiet breathing versus forced breathing
Diaphragm: main muscle for respiration.
quiet- diaphragm contracts & flattens
forced- contracts, expands chest capacity
parasternal intercostals:
quiet- rib cage expansion
forced-work w/ accessory muscles to expand rib& increase flow
scalenes:
quiet- less active
forced-aid in elevate rib cage & increase WOB expand chest cavity
explain the difference b/w the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems effects on the lungs. Provide examples of how these systems influence respiratory therapy treatments
sympathetic- “fight or FIght” increase Respiratory rate & cause bronchodilation ( widening airway)
parasympathetic- “rest & digest” slows Respiratory rate & causes bronchoconstriction ( narrowing of airway) stimulates production of mucus
discuss the potential impact of phrenic nerve damage on a patients ability to breathe and why such a patient might need mechanical ventilation support
paralyze diaphragm effecting breathing.
difficulty inhaling & exhaling
*ventilation is need to support breathing
match the following structures with their correct functions
diaphragm
phrenic nerve
bronchial arteries
pleural fluid
diaphragm-primary muscle of inspiration
phrenic nerve-innervates the diaphragm
bronchial arteries- supplies blood to lung tissues
pleural fluid- lubricates pleural membranes
what is the role of the Hering-Breuer reflex, and why is it important for normal breathing
stops lungs from inflating too much
slowly adapting stretch receptors
explain the significance of the carina in the respiratory system and why it is an important landmark
cartilaginous ridge of trachea
prevents choking & facilitates the cough flex
important reference point for intubation
identify two clinical scenarios where accessory muscle use might become necessary for a patient. explain why these muscles become involved in these scenarios
COPD
Asthma
*compensation for inability to breath
explain how sympathetic stimulation affects airway resistance and why this is relevant in conditions like asthma and COPD
PT w/asthma & COPD have difficultly breathing
*syp. stimulation counteracts the bronchioconstrictive effect leading to bronchodilation improving airflow
increase heart rate, dilating airways, redistributing blood to essential muscles
a patient presents with sudden onset of sharp chest pain and shortness of breath following trauma. Describe the likely condition and the steps you would take to diagnose and confirm it.
pulmonary effusion/ pneumothorax
*assess pt, make sure pt has open airway and able to breath, provide breathing treatment if able,
*ausculation of chest- listen for absent/ decreased sounds, trachial deviation
*chest image
how would a large pleural effusion be identified on a chest xray and what treatment might be required
fluid in pleural space
blunting outline on CXR
treated by thoracentesis
describe the sequence of events that occur during an effective cough. why is this process important in maintaining airway clearance?
inhalation- deep breath is taken, filling lungs w/ air
compression- glottis closes & chest constriction to pressurize lungs
explusion- glottis opens, trapped air is expelled w / force through mouth or nose.
*Helps clear mucus& irritants from airway
explain why arterial blood oxygen pressure (PaO2) does not match alveolar gas oxygen pressure (PaO2) in a healthy individual
anatomical shunt
oxygenated blood from pulmonary veins is mixed with deoxygenated blood from bronchial wall capillary beds.
provide two examples of how knowledge of the autonomic nervous system can be applied in respiratory therapy treatments
compare and contrast the pulmonary circulation and bronchial circulation in the lungs, focusing on their respective functions
pulmonary circulation-
pulmonary arties-O2 poor blood to lungs to be oxygenated
pulmonary veins- O2 rich blood to left atrium
bronchial circulation- supplies oxygenated blood to airway walls, tissue of lungs, bronchi,bronchioles.
describe how the diaphragms position and shape can be affected in a patient with emphysema and the impact on breathing efficiency
diaphragm flattens due to lung over extension making breathing labored & put PT in respiratory distress.
case study:
a 45 yr old male patient arrives at the er w/ sudden onset of shortness of breath, chest pain, and coughing up blood. he has a history of prolonged immobility after recent knee surgery. Based on symptoms an history
a. what is the most likely diagnosis?
b. how does this condition affect blood flow to the lungs?
c. what treatment might be necessary to manage this condition?
a.Pulmonary embolism
b.blockage of blood flow
c.blood thinners
