Chapter 2 (2.1-2.5): Phonetics

Question 1

phonetics

Answer 1

The inventory and structure of the sounds of speech

Question 2

phones

Answer 2

(speech sounds) are finite in any human language

Question 3

articulatory phonetics

Answer 3

the physiological mechanisms of speech production

Question 4

acoustic phonetics

Answer 4

measuring and analyzing the physical properties of the sound waves we produce when we speak

Question 5

International phonetic alphabet (IPA)

Answer 5

used for transcribing the sounds of speech, system that attempts to represent each sound of human speech with a single symbol

Question 6

segments

Answer 6

individual phones

Question 7

larynx

Answer 7

the sound source

Question 8

vocal folds

Answer 8

set of muscles

Question 9

vocal tract

Answer 9

the filter for air

Question 10

pharynx

Answer 10

tube between the larynx and oral cavity

Question 11

lungs

Answer 11

the source of moving air

Question 12

intercostal muscles

Answer 12

muscles between the ribs

Question 13

diaphragm

Answer 13

sheet of muscle separating the chest cavity from abdomen

Question 14

voiceless

Answer 14

when vocal folds are pulled apart and make practically no sound (f, s)

Question 15

voiced

Answer 15

when vocal folds are brought close together but not tightly closed, air passing through causes them to vibrate to produce sound (v,z)

Question 16

whisper

Answer 16

the anterior vocal folds are pulled close together and posterior folds are pulled apart

Question 17

murmur

Answer 17

(breathy voice) voiced but vocal folds are relaxed to allow air through

Question 18

natural classes

Answer 18

sounds of language being grouped based on phonetic properties that they share
(Basic division among sounds- vowels & consonants)

Question 19

glides

Answer 19

share properties of vowels and consonants (semivowel, semiconsonant), rapidly articulated vowels

Question 20

consonants

Answer 20

made with a obstruction in the vocal tract (blocked or restricted) momentarily

Question 21

vowels

Answer 21

produced with little obstruction in the vocal tract, more sonorous (acoustically powerful) than consonants

Question 22

syllables

Answer 22

usually formed by the presence of a vowel (the peak of sonority)

Question 23

places of articulation

Answer 23

when airflow is modified in the vocal tract by an obstruction

Question 24

tongue and its 5 areas

Answer 24

primary articulating organ
5 areas: Tip- narrow, in the front
Blade- behind tip
Body- main mass of tongue
Back- hindmost part of tongue
Root- contained in upper part of pharynx

Question 25

labials

Answer 25

sounds made with closure of the lips

Question 26

bilabial

Answer 26

made with both lips (ex- p eer, m onth)

Question 27

labiodental

Answer 27

sounds made with upper teeth and lower lip (ex- f ire, v ow)

Question 28

dentals

Answer 28

tongue placed against or near the teeth (ex- t emps, d ire, z ero)

Question 29

interdental

Answer 29

tongue placed between the teeth (ex- th is, th ing)

Question 30

alveolar ridge

Answer 30

small ridge protruding from behind upper front teeth (ex- t op, d eer, s oap, z ip)

Question 31

alveopalatal

Answer 31

sharp roof of mouth behind alveolar ridge (ex- sh ow, mea s ure, j u dg e)

Question 32

palate

Answer 32

highest part of the roof of the mouth

Question 33

palatals

Answer 33

sounds produced with the tongue on palate (ex- y es)

Question 34

velum

Answer 34

soft area toward rear of mouth

Question 35

velars

Answer 35

sounds made w or on velum (ex- c all, g uy, ha ng)

Question 36

labiovelar

Answer 36

sounds used by velum and lips (w et)

Question 37

uvula

Answer 37

small flap hanging down from velum

Question 38

uvulars

Answer 38

sounds made on or with uvula - English does not have any uvular sounds

Question 39

pharyngeals

Answer 39

sounds made by retracting the tongue or constricting the pharynx Found in dialects of arabic not in english

Question 40

glottals

Answer 40

sounds produced using vocal folds as primary articulators (h eave, h og)

Question 41

manners of articulation

Answer 41

the use of the tongue, lips, velum and glottis positioned in different ways to produce sound types

Question 42

oral phones

Answer 42

velum is raised blocking airflow through nasal cavity

Question 43

nasal phones

Answer 43

velum is lowered to allow air to pass through nasal cavity (su n, su m, su ng)

Question 44

stops

Answer 44

complete closure in oral cavity or at glottis (uh-uh, s p an, s t un, n ot)

Question 45

fricatives

Answer 45

consonants produced with continuous airflow in the mouth (continuants)

Question 46

affricatives

Answer 46

non-continuant sounds that show a slow release of the closure (ch urch, j ump)

Question 47

stridents / sibilants

Answer 47

noisier fricatives and affricatives

Question 48

aspiration

Answer 48

delay in vocalic voicing accompanied by a release of air (pat, tub, cope) Stops are either aspirated or unaspirated Unreleased stop: (cap, pot, back)

Question 49

liquids

Answer 49

special class of consonants, oral sonorous consonants (numerous variants of l and r)

Question 50

laterals

Answer 50

varieties of l, usually voiced

Question 51

diacritic

Answer 51

voiceless lateral

Question 52

retroflex

Answer 52

varieties of r (r ide, ca r)

Question 53

flap

Answer 53

sound commonly identified with r (bi tt er, bu tt er)

Question 54

syllabic liquids & nasals

Answer 54

when liquid / nasal sounds make a syllabic nuclei