Chapter 2

Question 1

T or F stuttering appears to be inherited.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

T or F single gene transitory stuttering; two or more genes for chronic stuttering

Answer 2

True

Question 3

What are some factors that predict a natural recovery.

Answer 3

female
no fam hx of persistent stuttering
early onset
good language, artic, and intelligence

Question 4

Prognosis for natural recovery is related to?

Answer 4

the number of recovery factors

Question 5

T or F. Parents should be told that stuttering is often inherited and is not a result of being a bad parent

Answer 5

True

Question 6

Explain the results of twin studies?

Answer 6

• they noted stuttering in identical and fraternal twins
• greater occurrence in identical twins than fraternal
• twin studies show that whether stuttering occurs is 2/3 genetics and 1/3 environment

Question 7

T or F. Enviornment should be made as fluency-facilitating as possible

Answer 7

True

Question 8

Adoption studies provide evidence for what two factors?

Answer 8

genetic and environmental

Question 9

Genes associated with stuttering have been found on what (8) chromosomes?

Answer 9

1, 7, 9, 12, 13, 15, 16, and 18

Question 10

persistent and recovered stuttering is associated with chromosome…

Answer 10

9

Question 11

persistent stuttering is only associated with chromosome…

Answer 11

15

Question 12

studies in very diff cultural groups have identified chromosome _____ as significantly related to stuttering.

Answer 12

12

mutations of three different genes on this chromosome have been associated with stuttering

Question 13

T or F research shows that parents’ behavior does not cause stuttering.

Answer 13

T

Question 14

what percentage (range) of stutterers have no fam hx of stuttering?

Answer 14

40-70%

Question 15

stuttering has been associated with these congenital and early childhood factors? (6)

Answer 15

• brain injury before or soon after birth
• premature birth
• surgery
• head injury
• mental retardation
• intense fear

Question 16

T or F clinicians should explore child’s early health history and events surrounding onset of stuttering.

Answer 16

True

the purpose of determining factors associated stuttering is to relieve parent’s guilt

Question 17

T or F no matter what the etiology of stuttering, brain structure and/or function would be affected

Answer 17

true

Question 18

Early EEG studies showed more activity in what sides of the brain during speech compared to non-stutterers

Answer 18

Right-brain

Question 19

Early studies also showed that after treatment brain activity shifted from right-brain to ___________ during speech activities.

Answer 19

Left-brain

Question 20

Brain imaging studies show what (4 things) in stutterers

Answer 20

• overactivation of several right-hemisphere areas during speech
• deactivation of left aud cortex during stuttering
• anomalous symmetry of planum temporale
• less dense fibers in white matter tracts of left operculum. These fibers are thought to connect sensory planning and motor areas for speech
• the superior longitudinal fasciculus is less dense in the left hem. of stutterers

Question 21

what is the longitudinal fasciculus?

Answer 21

it is a bidirectional pathway btwn sensory integration and motor planning areas of the brain

Question 22

T or F. after therapy, right-brain overactivations are reduced; left-brain speech, language, and auditory areas are more activated.

Answer 22

True

Question 23

T or F. Two years after therapy some right brain overactivation has returned

Answer 23

True

Question 24

T or F one clinical implication from research may suggests that treatments restore effective sensory-motor control of speech

Answer 24

true

Question 25

Differences btwn stutterers and nonstutterers may be a ______ of stuttering not a ________.

Answer 25

result | cause

Question 26

what are some sensory processing defects in stutterers:

Answer 26

- poorer central auditory processing, especially for temporal information - auditory evoked potentials have longer latencies and lower amplitudes, especially for linguistically complex stimuli - less right-ear (left brain) advantage in processing linguistically complex sounds - stutterers may be poorer at processing tactile and visual info - masking and other changes in aud feedback decrease stuttering

Question 27

what are some sensory motor control deficits in stuttering:

Answer 27

- slower reaction time - slower speech during fluency - slower on nonspeech sequencing - slower at tapping at a comfortable rate, but faster and more variable at a fast rate - not as able to focus on left-hemisphere motor control - poorer at auditory-motor tracking

Question 28

T or F because of sensory processing deficits masking, DAF, attention to kinesthetic feedback may be helpful in treatment.

Answer 28

True

Question 29

what rate increases fluency? (slow/fast)

Answer 29

slower rate may facilitate fluency bc they process more slowly

Question 30

T or F. Decreasing linguistic load on children starting to stutter may improve fluency

Answer 30

True

Question 31

Stuttering onset sometimes is associated with rapid ______ ___________.

Answer 31

language development.

Question 32

more ___________ complex stimuli result in poorer sensory and sensory-motor tasks.

Answer 32

linguistically

Question 33

T or F. emotion may increase stuttering and stuttering may increase emotion.

Answer 33

True

Question 34

What are some important findings about stuttering in chp 2?

Answer 34

- sutterers are not more anxious than non-stutterers but more anxiety= more stuttering - autonomic arousal associated with stuttering - stutterers may have more inhibited temperaments; may be more emotionally conditionable