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Embryo > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

gestational age

A

from last menstral cycle (~14 days before fertilization)

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2
Q

chromosome defined by a…

A

centromere

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3
Q

reduction division

A

first meiotic division (diploid to haploid, but have double-chromatid chromosomes)

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4
Q

spermatogonia

A

dormant in semineiferous tubules until puberty

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5
Q

spermatogenesis order

A

spermatogonium(46XY) to primary spermatocyte (46XY) to secondary spermatocytes (23X or 23Y) to spermatids(two 23X, two 23Y) to normal sperms

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6
Q

length of time for entire spermatogenesis process

A

about 2 months

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7
Q

place where sperms become functionally mature

A

epididymis

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8
Q

head of sperm

A

haploid nucleus

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9
Q

acrosome

A

covers anterior 2/3 of nucleus; caplike structure containing several enzymes

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10
Q

tail of sperm segments

A

middle (mitochondria), principle, and end pieces

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11
Q

Microdeletions in Y chromosome results in…

A

defective spermatogenesis and infertility

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12
Q

when do oogonia proliferate by mitosis

A

early fetal life (oogonia enlarge to form primary oocytes before birth)

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13
Q

what constitutes a primordial follicle

A

primary oocyte enclosed by a single layer of lattened follicular epithelial cells

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14
Q

what constitutes a primary follicle

A

follicular epithelial cells become cuboidal, then columnar during puberty

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15
Q

zona pellucida

A

covering of amorphous acellular glycoprotein material

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16
Q

what do follicular cells secrete in primary oocytes

A

oocyte maturation inhibitor

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17
Q

suspended prophase

A

dictyotene

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18
Q

what occurs shortly before ovulation

A

completion of first meiotic division to form seconday oocyte and first polar body

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19
Q

what occurs at ovulation

A

nucleus of secondary oocyte begins second meiotic division through metaphase and is arrested until fertilization

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20
Q

how many primary oocytes are in the ovaries of a newborn

A

2 million, most recess during childhood leaving 40,000 by adolescence (only 400 become secondary oocytes)

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21
Q

ideal maternal age for reproduction

A

18-35

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22
Q

percent of sperm abnormal in ejaculate

A

as many as 10%

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23
Q

layers of uterine body wall

A

perimetrium (thin external layer), myometrium (thick smooth muscle layer), endometrium (thin internal layer)

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24
Q

3 layers of perimetrium

A

thin compact layer, thick spongy layer, thin basal layer

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25
functional layers of perimetrium
compact plus spongy; shed during mestration and after parturition
26
4 parts of uterine tube
infundibulum, ampulla, isthmus, and uterine part
27
ovaries produce what hormones
estrogen and progesterone
28
gonadotropin-releasing hormone synthesis and storage
synthesized by hypothalamus, stored in anterior pituitary
29
gonadotropin-releasing hormone action
stimulates release of FSH and LH
30
FSH action
stimulates development of ovarian follicles (ususally 5-12) and production of estrogen by follicular cells
31
LH action
trigger for ovulation; stimulates follicular cells and corpus luteum to produce progesterone
32
Theca folliculi 2 layers
theca interna - internal vascular/glandular layer and theca externa - capsule like layer
33
angiogenesis factor produced by what cells
thecal cells
34
follicular fluid coalesces to form…
antrum
35
mound of follicular cells surrounding oocyte in secondary follicle
cumulus oophorus
36
stigma
avascular spot on surface of ovary where oocyte will be expelling in ovulation
37
how oocyte is expelled
stigma ruptures, contration of smooth muscle in theca externa (due to prostaglandin stimulation)
38
glycoproteins in zona pellucida
ZPA, ZPB, ZPC
39
mittelschmerz
abdominal pain due to ovulation (slight bleeding into peritoneal cavity)
40
corpus luteum
reminants after oocyte is ovulated; produces progesterone and some estrogen to prepare endometrium
41
what prevents corpus luteum degeneration
human chorionic gonadotropin; secreted by syncytiotrophoblast of blastocyst (degenerates 10-12 days after ovulation if no fertilization)
42
variation of menstral cycle length is during which part
alterations of proliferative phase
43
estrogen bases oral contraceptives
acts on hypothalamus and pituitary inhibiting secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormaone, FSH, and LH
44
menstrual phase
funtional layer sloughed off; lasts 4-5 days; 20-80 mL blood lost
45
proliferative phase (aka follicular, estrogenic phase)
9 days; coincides with ovarian follicle growth (controlled by estrogen secreted by follicles)
46
Luteal phase (aka secretory, progesterone phase)
13 days; coincides with formation of corpus luteum (stimulates glandular epithelium to produce glycogen-rich material via progesterone)
47
Ischemic phase
spiral arteries constrict; hormone withdrawl (glandular secretion stops)
48
when does blastocyst implast into endometrium
about the 6th day of the luteal phase (day 20 of 28)
49
resumation of meses after pregnancy termination
6-10 weeks if not breastfeeding
50
what accessorry glands produce secretions for sperm ejaculate
seminal glands, prostate, bulbourethral
51
what are thought to stimulate uterine motility
prostaglandins
52
fructose is secreted by what glands for sperm energy source
seminal
53
average volume of ejaculate
2-6 mL with average of 3.5 mL
54
speed of sperm
2-3 mm per minute, but varies with pH environment (more rapid in alkaline environment); only ~200 reach fertilization site
55
capacitation
last about 7 hours - glycoprotein coat and seminal proteins removed from acrosome
56
lysis of zona pellucida
enzymes esterases, acrosin, and neuraminidase (acrosin most important!)
57
ootid
oocyte containing two haploid pronuclei; becomes zygote when they fuse
58
early pregnancy factor
immunosuppressant protein in maternal serum within 24-48 hours after fertilization; basis of pregnancy tests during first 10 days of development
59
compaction
after 9 cell stage, blastomeres change shape and tighly align themselves; probably mediated by cell surface adhesion glycoproteins
60
12-32 blastomeres
called morula (~3 days after fertilization)
61
blastocystic cavity is formed by…
fluid passes from uterine cavity through zona pellucida
62
blastocystic cavity separates blastomeres into two parts
trophoblast, thinner outer layer; embryoblast, inner cell mass
63
early embryo nutrition is from
secretions of uterine glands
64
Attachment to endometrium is follwed by rapid proliferation of trophoblast into 2 layers
Inner layer of cytotrophoblasts and outer layer of syncytiotrophoblasts
65
what produces enzymes that erode maternal tissues, enabling the blastocyst to burrow into the endometrium
syncytiotrophoblast
66
hypoblast
primary endoderm; appears on surface of embryoblast facing blastocystic cavity day 7
67
overall early spontaneous abortion rate
about 45%

Embryo (5 decks)

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