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Biology 111 C > Chapter 2,3 and 6 Review > Flashcards

Chapter 2,3 and 6 Review Flashcards

1
Q

Atom

A

Smallest identifiable unit of mater

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2
Q

protons

A

positive electrical charge

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3
Q

neutrons

A

neutral charge

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4
Q

electrons

A

negative charge

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5
Q

isotopes

A

when an atoms neutrons have been changed

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6
Q

how are electrons configured around a nuclei

A
  • electrons move around nuclei in pairs orbitals
  • orbitals are grouped into electron shells in # order
  • each shell contains a specific # of orbitals
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7
Q

Valence Shell

A

outermost shell of each element

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8
Q

Electronegativity

A

how strong an atom pulls shared electrons towards itself in a bond
- controlled by the number of protons and distance between nucleus and valence shell

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9
Q

Cation

A

positively charged ions

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10
Q

Anion

A

negatively charged ions

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11
Q

ion

A

atom with full electrical charge due to a loss or gain of an electron

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12
Q

Hydrophilic

A

Water loving; attracted to water

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13
Q

hydrophobic

A

water hating; will not hydrogen bond to other water molecules

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14
Q

cohesion

A

attraction between like molecules

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15
Q

adhesion

A

attraction between unlike molecules

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16
Q

is water denser as a liquid or a solid?

A

as a liquid; hydrogen bonding is much less likely in liquid due to constant h bonds being made and broken

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17
Q

acids

A

lower pH; any compound that gives up protons or accepts electrons

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18
Q

bases

A

any compound that gives up electrons or gains protons in a reaction or accepts hydrogen ions when dissolving into H2O

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19
Q

what does the atomic mass include

A

number of protons plus the number of neutrons (at the top of the symbol)

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20
Q

what does the atomic number include

A

number of protons (at the bottom of the symbol)

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21
Q

Electronegativity scale with the 4 elements (greatest to least)

A

Oxygen > Nitrogen > Carbon which is about equal to Hydrogen

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22
Q

Covalent Bonds

A

Strongest bonds
electrons are shared and use the orbital from both nuclei

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23
Q

Ionic bonds

A

middle bond
transfer of electrons

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24
Q

Hydrogen Bonds

A

weakest bond
partial charge of electrons

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25
Polar Covalent bonds
electrons are not shared equally
26
non polar covalent bonds
electrons are shared equally
27
what does changing the number of protons do?
changes the properties of the atom, therefore changing the element itself
28
what does changing the number of electrons
impacts the charge of the atom
29
Is water a polar or non polar molecule
polar
30
Kinetic energy
active energy
31
potential energy
stored energy
32
Entropy
the measure of disorder of thermodynamics
33
Protien functions
1. catalysis (enzymes): speeds up chemical reactions 2. structure: shape cells and compromise body structure 3. signaling: convey messages between cells 4. transport: allow molecules to enter and exit cells or carry them throughout the body 5. movement: motor proteins move cells or molecules 6. Defense: antibodies attack pathogens
34
What are proteins made of
amino acids (macromolecule)
35
what does every amino acid have
always have a central carbon, an amine group, and a carboxyl group
36
what do many linked amino acids become
become proteins
37
condensation reactions
taking two monomers and connecting them together (also known as dehydration synthesis)
38
hydrolysis
breaking the bond between the polymer to create monomers
39
Polar molecules are
hydrophilic
40
non polar molecules are
hydrophobic
41
What reactions require energy
1. polymerization 2. anabolism 3. condensation reactions/dehydration synthesis
42
what reactions release energy
1. catabolism 2. hydrolysis 3. spontaneous reaction
43
Peptide Bonds
bonds that are only formed between amino acids
44
Four levels of a protein and their function
Primary: links of amino acids together (linked together with covalent bonds) Secondary: can either be an alpha helix or pleated sheet (held together by hydrogen bonds) Tertiary: Folding the helix or pleated sheet together based on the R group, folding can impact the function Quaternary: linking together sub units of tertiary structures; combination of polypeptides
45
Five types of R group interactions
H - Bonding: forms between polar side chains and opposite partial charges Hydrophobic interactions: water forces hydrophobic side chains together Van der Waal Interactions: weak electrical interactions between side chains Covalent bonds: bonds between side chains of sulfhydryl groups Ionic Bonding: form between groups w/ full and opposing charges
46
what does the structure of an amino acid depend on?
the R group (also called the side chain)
47
where would a hydrophobic R group most likely be found?
most likely be found in the middle of a protein burried inside
48
where do substrates bond to
bond to the active site of an enzyme
49
hydrophobic molecules are
non polar with whole charges
50
hydrophilic molecules are
partial charges and polar
51
when a molecule hs equal electronegativity, what other attributes in the molecule are there?
non polar and covalent, and they are also hydrophobic
52
endergonic
requiring energy
53
exergonic
releasing energy
54
what are the three types of lipids?
fats, steroids, and phospholipids
55
lipid definition
carbon containing compounds that are non polar and hydrophobic
56
isoprene
functions as pigments, scents, vitamins, and sex hormone precursors
57
fatty acids
hydrocarbon chain bonded to a carboxyl group that can either be saturated or unsaturated
58
saturated fat characteristics
straight chain with single bonds
59
unsaturated fat characteristics
bent chain with some double bonds between carbon
60
amphipathic
a molecule has one area that is hydrophobic, and one area that is hydrophilic
61
at room temperature, saturated fatty acids can _________
can form solids
61
at room temperature, unsaturated fatty acids are ____________
are liquid
62
how are fats formed?
dehydration reactions
63
entropy
lack of order or predictability
64
hydrolysis
breaks down a molecule by adding water to it
65
condensation reaction
builds a larger molecule by removing water from two smaller molecules
66
what parts of a phospholipid are hydrophobic or hydrophillic
head = hydrophilic legs = hydrophobic
67
what is the purpose of phospholipids
make up the cell membranes they consist of fatty acid chains, glycerol, and a phosphate group
68
what is the purpose of steroids
helps with hormones, small messenger molecules
69
selectively permeable
occurs in a phospholipid bilayer; how likely things are to move through the membrane
70
easiest to hardest molecules to move through a membrane
1. small, non-polar molecules 2. small, uncharged polar molecules 3. large uncharged polar molecules 4. ions cannot get through membranes without a channel
71
how can the permeability of a membrane be influenced?
by the saturation and length of the fatty acid
72
solutes
"particles" or molecules of interest in diffusion
73
diffusion:
how different particles move across a gradient refers to the movement of solutes from high to low concentration to create an equilibrium; does not need energy
74
solvent:
the solution that solutes move through; example is water or air
75
hypertonic
having a higher osmotic pressure than the fluid
76
hypotonic
having a lower osmotic pressure than the fluid
77
isotonic
equal osmotic concentration between two fluids
78
osmosis:
the movement of water in diffusion
79
qualities of facilitated diffusion
the movement of solutes across a gradient moves from high to low concentration diffusion does not require energy proteins present
80
qualities of active transport
requires energy proteins present can move from high to low or low to high concentration uses ATP for energy
81
electrochemical gradient
determines the direction that ions will flow through an open ion channel

Biology 111 C (5 decks)

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