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Biosciences 1 > Chapter 2-3 Test > Flashcards

Chapter 2-3 Test Flashcards

(98 cards)

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1
Q

Emergent Property

A

Taking 2 things and putting them together to get something else. Ex: Sodium + Chlorine = Sodium Chloride

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2
Q

Orbitals

A

Allow electrons to store and release energy. Orbitals are also known as “shells”.

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3
Q

The first orbital contains…

A

2 electrons. All other orbitals need 8 to be filled.

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4
Q

The unique chemical properties of an element are defined by…

A

The # of protons.

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5
Q

Atomic weight equals…

A

Sum of the # of neutrons and protons

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6
Q

Atomic number equals…

A

of protons

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7
Q

APE MAN

A

Atomic # = Protons = Electrons

Atomic Mass = Atomic # + Neutrons

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8
Q

The outer most shell is also known as the…

A

Valence Shell

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9
Q

The outer most electrons are also called…

A

Valence Electrons (can determine how one atom reacts with another)

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10
Q

The last column on the periodic table are…

A

Noble Gases and are non-reactant

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11
Q

How are elements within the same row of the periodic table the same?

A

They have the same number of electron shells.

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12
Q

What is a covalent bond?

A

Sharing of a pair of electrons from two different atoms. This is a strong bond.

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13
Q

If an atom has 5 electrons in it’s OUTER SHELL, how many unpaired electrons are there?

A

3.

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14
Q

Water has what type of bond?

A

Polar Covalent

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15
Q

What is an Ionic Bond?

A

An attraction between an anion and a cation.

Ex: (Na+) + (Cl-) = NaCl

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16
Q

What kind of interactions help keep atoms together?

A

Electrostatic interactions.

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17
Q

What is electronegativity?

A

The attraction of a particular atom for the electrons of a covalent bond.

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18
Q

What type of bond does an anion ion (-) and cation ion (+) form?

A

Ionic bond

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19
Q

What is a Hydrogen Bond?

A

A noncovalent attraction between an H and an electronegative atom.
Ex: H20 and NH3

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20
Q

Chemical reactions can…

A

Make or break chem bonds which lead to changes in the composition of matter.

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21
Q

Chemical reactions cannot…

A

Create or destroy atoms.

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22
Q

Cohesion

A

Hydrogen bond that hold a substance together.

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23
Q

Surface Tension

A

a measure of how hard it is to break or stretch a liquid surface

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24
Q

Adhesion

A

the clinging of one substance to another.

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25
A solution is...
a mix of 2 or more substances
26
What is a Solvent / Solute?
Solvent: the dissolving agent Solute: The substance being dissolved
27
Aqueous Solution
A solution dissolved in water (a solvent)
28
Hydration Shell
the sphere of water molecules around each dissolved charged ion
29
Base
(OH-) Hydroxide Ion. Absorbs ions. (8-14 on a pH scale)
30
Acid
(H+) Hydrogen Ion. Releases ions. (0-6 on a pH scale)
31
Buffer
A substance that minimizes changes of (OH-) or (H+) in a solution
32
Ocean Acidification
when CO2 dissolves seawater it forms Carbonic Acid... making the water acidic.
33
Organic Compound
an atom containing Carbon and Hydrogen
34
Large Molecule Classes
Protiens, Lipids, Nucleic Acids and Carbohydrates
35
Molecules that are members of Carbohydrates, Proteins and Nucleic Acids are huge and called....
Macromolecules
36
Hydrocarbons contain
C and H molecules
37
3 Types of Isomers
Structural, Cis-Trans, Enantiomers
38
Structural Isomer
Differ in the covalent arrangements of atoms
39
Cis-Trans Isomer
Differ in the arrangement of double bonds. Cis: Same Side Trans: Different Side
40
7 groups important to biological processes are...
1. Hydroxyl 2. Carboxyl 3. Carbonyl 4. Amino Group 5. Sulfhydryl 6. Phosphate 7. Methyl*** *** A non-polar covalent bond that does not allow compounds to dissolve. Groups 1-6 act as function groups.
41
ATP
Adenosine Tryphosphate. An important source of energy in cells.
42
Polymer
a long chain-like molecule consisting of building blocks linked by covalent bonds.
43
Monomer
The building blocks of polymers.
44
Enzymes
Macromolecules (proteins usually) which speed up chemical reactions
45
Dehydration Reaction
The removal of H2O from a molecule The reverse of this would be Hydrolysis
46
Disaccharide
Consists of 2 sugars (2 monosaccharides) joined by a Glycosidic Linkage
47
Polysaccharide
Are macromolecules. Are polymers with a few 100 to a few 1,000 monosaccharides joined by a Glycosidic Linkage. Ex: Starch
48
Lipids
Mix poorly, if at all, in water. Ex: waxes, fats, sterols, phospholipids
49
Fats are made of...
Glycerol and fatty acids
50
Triglycerols are made of
3 fatty acids and one glycerol. | Hence the name) :
51
Saturated fats have...
No double bonds between C atoms
52
Unsaturated fats have...
A double bond between C atoms ex: Trans Fats
53
Phospholipids
has 2 fatty acids attached to a glycerol
54
Sterols are
Lipids with carbon skeletons and 4 fused rings Ex: CholeSTEROL
55
Catalyst
Chemical Agents that selectively speed up chemical reactions without being consumed
56
How does water make its way up a tree?
Water gets pulled up by Cohesion and Adhesion
57
Ice floats due to...
Hydrogen bonding, forming crystals- a lattice structure
58
Solutes are typically...
Hydrophilic (water loving)
59
pH is a measure of what?
Concentration of H+ ions in a solution
60
ATP and Photosynthesis depend on what type of Ion?
H+ Ions
61
What is the pH of a solution with a Hydroxyl (OH-) concentration of 10^-4 M?
10.
62
Carbon allows for what kind of shape?
Complex shapes.
63
How many Valence Electrons can Carbon make?
4 max.
64
Why are functional groups important for compounds?
They can dissolve compounds in water, influence properties, and can affect the shape
65
When is energy from ATP released?
After the 3rd phosphate ion breaks off. This 3rd phosphate becomes inorganic.
66
Condensation Reaction
AKA Dehydration Reaction. Makes polymers longer
67
Hydrolysis does what to polymers?
Makes them shorter.
68
Monosaccharides
A single sugar. Ex: Glyceride, Ribose, Glucose, Fructose. All have a C1H2O1 Ratio
69
2 molecules (Linear and Ring) are best described as what type of Isomers?
Structural
70
How are disaccharides synthesized?
Glucose + Fructose - H2O = Sucrose Not a polymer.
71
What is cellulose?
A carb that is high in fiber. Humans cannot digest cellulose. Cellulose is strong and forms H bonds between the strands of glucose. Cellulose is a very sticky substance.
72
What are fatty acids composed of?
Long chain of Hydrocarbon with a Carboxyl group at the end.
73
Why are fatty acids insoluble in water?
The majority of their bonds are NON-POLAR covalent to Hydrogen linkages.
74
What fat is solid at room temp?
Saturated
75
What fat is liquid at room temp?
Unsaturated
76
Phospholipids
Have hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tails, making a bilayer membrane
77
Is Cholesterol a polymer?
No
78
Proteins have how many functions
Eight. 1. Enzymes 2. Antibodies 3. Storage 4. Transport 5. Hormones 6. Receptors 7. Motors 8. Structural
79
What is a monomer of proteins?
Amino Acids
80
What makes up Amino Acids
An Amino group, alpha carbon, carboxyl group, and a Side Chain (R group)
81
What does the Side Chain (R Group) do in amino acids?
They differentiate amino acids of which there are 20.
82
3 types of Side Chains
Non Polar, Polar, Charged
83
Non-Polar Side Chains
Glycine, Alanine, Valine, Leucine, Isoleucine, Methionine, Phenylanine, Tryptophan, Proline
84
Polar Side Chains
Serine, Threonine, Cystesine, Tyrosine, Asparagine
85
Charged Side Chains
Acidic (- charge): Aspartic, Glutamic acids | Basic (+ charge): Lysine, Argine, Histidine
86
Peptide bonds connect
Amino acids
87
Is a hydroxyl group (OH) hydrophillic or phobic?
Hydrophillic
88
What types of amino acids are found in proteins that cross biological membranes?
Non-Polar, No charge. *Water attracts to charged polar molecules
89
Primary Structure
linear sequence with amino end and carboxyl end (order of bases in DNA is determined by sequence of amino acids)
90
Secondary Structure
Folding. Alpha Helix: Spiral strucure Beta pleated sheet fold: crimped structure ALL formed by H bonds
91
Tertiary Structure
Overall 3D structure of protien. Disulfite bridges, H bonds, Ionic Bonds, and Hydrophobic interactions keep this structure together.
92
Quartenary Structure
More than one Tertiary structure
93
Central Dogma
DNA is transcribed into mRNA which leaves the nucleus... Using ribosomes it will then synthesize imto primary proteins
94
Nucleic acids include...
5 sugar, N group (C,G,T,A) and phosphate group
95
Nucleic Acid ends include
a 5 prime end, (carbon) and a 3 prime end (hydroxyl)
96
2 strands of DNA run _______ to eachother
anti parallel H bonding keeps the helix's together
97
mRNA does what
codes primary sequence of amino acids
98
tRNA does what
connects amino acids

Biosciences 1 (3 decks)

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