Chapter 2 Flashcards
(38 cards)
Electronegative
Measure of the tendency of an atom to attract an electron.
Ex. F+K –> F steals e- from K
F+F –> share electrons
Electropositive
Measure of an elements ability to donate/lose an electron.
Ionic Bond
- gain or loss of electrons
- attraction between neg & pos e-
- dissociate in water
Covalent Bond
What is needed to break them apart??
- Sharing of electrons
- strong bonds
- require enzymes to break
Polar Covalent
-unequal sharing of electrons
Ex. Between the O & H in water molecules because the O is slightly neg & H is slightly positive.
Non-Polar Covalent
Equal sharing of electron
Hydrogen Bond
- hydrogen atom in a polar molecule is attracted to electronegative atom in same molecule or another polar molecule
- weakest bond
Ex. Between the O & H of separate water molecules
Water
- polar molecule
- excellent solvent
H2O–> OH + H+
Hydrophilic
Water loving
Hydrophobic
Water hating
pH
- based on concentration of hydrogen
- less hydrogen —> more acidic
Functional Groups
- determine the characteristics for a chemical reaction
- highly electronegative
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
- energy currency of a cell
- negatively charged phosphate groups repel each other and weak bonds are broken to release energy
Macromolecules
Large molecules
4 major classes of macromolecules
- Proteins
- Carbohydrates
- Nucleic Acids
- Lipids
Monomer examples:
Protiens, carbohydrates, nucleic acid, or lipids.
Polymer
Monomers combined through dehydration synthesis
Dehydration synthesis
Process that makes complex molecules out of simple molecules by removal of water to create bonds.
Hydrolysis
Addition of water to break bonds
Functions of Protiens
- enzymes (catalyze reactions)
- transport molecules
- move cells
- provide cellular framework
- sense & respond to conditions outside cell
- regulate gene expression
Properties of Protiens
- made up of Amino Acids
- infinite combinations of 20 amino acid
- protein shape determined by amino acid sequence
What makes up a protein?
- amino acid group
- carboxyl group
- carbon
- unique side chain
Peptide Bonds
-hold amino acids together through dehydration synthesis
4 Protein Structures:
- primary
- secondary
- tertiary
- quaternary
