Chapter 2

Question 1

Modes of Transmission of a disease (Host, vector, agent, and environment)

Answer 1

Diseases that result from an interaction of some kind

Question 2

Host

Answer 2

a person

Question 3

The agent

Answer 3

the bacterium

Question 4

environment

Answer 4

contaminated water supply

Question 5

Vector

Answer 5

mosquito or deer tick is often involved

Question 6

Direct Transmission of a disease

Answer 6

direct contact (person to person)

Question 7

human susceptibility determined by

Answer 7

determined on genetic background, nutritional characteristics, and immunologic characteristics

Question 8

Indirect transmission

Answer 8

through a common vehicle such as contaminated air or water supply or a vector like a mosquito

Question 9

Single exposure

Answer 9

happens once

Question 10

Multiple exposure

Answer 10

happens more than once

Question 11

Continuous exposure

Answer 11

periodically happens

Question 12

Epidemic

Answer 12

The occurrence of a disease that affects communities or regions (more scarce)

Question 13

Endemic

Answer 13

The occurrence of a disease that is habitually present (more common) in a geographic area

Question 14

Pandemic

Answer 14

Worldwide

Question 15

Herd Immunity

Answer 15

the resistance of a group of people to an attack by a disease to which a large proportion of the members of the group are immune

Question 16

Attack Rate→ Page 30

Answer 16

of people at risk in which a certain illness develops within
________________________________________
Total number of people at risk

Question 17

Person-time

Answer 17

The Amount of time an individual spent contributing to a study before they developed the disease.

Question 18

Case-fatality

Answer 18

the proportion of people who develop the disease, who then die from the disease

Question 19

Outbreak Investigation

Answer 19

1. Define the outbreak and validate the existence of the outbreak
2. Examine the distribution of cases
3. Look for combinations of relevant variables
4. Develop hypothesis
5. Test hypothesis
6. Recommend control measures
7. prepare a written report of findings
8. communicate findings

Question 20

Incubation period

Answer 20

how long it takes for symptoms of a disease to show up

Question 21

Non-clinical Diseases (be familiar with types)

Answer 21

Preclinical, Subclinical, Persistent, and Latent

Question 22

Preclinical

Answer 22

Disease that is not yet clinically apparent but is destined to progress to a clinical disease

Question 23

Subclinical

Answer 23

disease that is not clinically apparent and is not destined to come clinically apparent

Question 24

Latent

Answer 24

an infection with no active multiplication of the agent

Question 25

Persistent

Answer 25

A person fails to "shake off" the infection and it persist for years at times for life

Question 26

Clinical diseases

Answer 26

Characterized by signs and symptoms

Question 27

Carrier Status

Answer 27

an individual who harbors an organism but is not infected by evidence of clinical studies

Question 28

Cross Tabulation

Answer 28

very helpful method to determine which agents cause a disease