Chapter 2 Flashcards
(33 cards)
Drug
Any chemical that affects the physiologic processes of a living organism.
Pharmacology
Study or science of drugs
Chemical Name
Describes the drugs chemical composition and molecular structure.
Generic Name
Name given by the United States Adopted Names Council
Trade Name
The drug has a registered trademark; use of the name is restricted by the drugs patent owner ( usually the manufacturer)
Pharmaceutics
The study of how various drug forms influence the way in which the drug affects the body
Pharmacokinetics
The study of what the body does to the drug. Absorption Distribution Metabolism Excretion
Absorption
Variables that affect the completeness and rate of drug absorption. Route of administration Rate of dissolution Surface area Blood Flow Lipid Solubility Ph differences between the site of administration and the plasma Physiologic condition of the patient
Pharmacodynamics
The study of what the drug does to the body.
The mechanism of drug actions in living tissues.
Drug- receptor relationships
Pharmacotherapeutics
The clinical use of drugs to prevent and treat diseases.
Defines principles of drug actions - the cellular processes that change in response to the presence of drug molecules.
Drugs are organized into pharmacologic classes.
Pharmacognosy
The study of natural ( versus synthetic) drug sources ( I.e., plant, animals, minerals)
Pharmaceutics
Different drug dosage forms have different pharmaceutical properties.
Dosage form determines the rate of drug dissolution ( dissolving of solid dosage forms and their absorption from the GI tract).
Enteric-coated tablets
Extended - release forms
Pharmacokinetics
A drugs time to onset of action, time to peak effect, and duration of action.
Study of what happens to drug from the time it is put into the body until the parent drug and all metabolites have left the body.
Pharmacokinetics: Absorption
Movement of drug from its site of administration into bloodstream for distribution to the tissues.
Bioavailability
First- pass effect
Routes
A drugs route of administration affects the rate and extent of absorption of that drug.
Enteral ( GI tract)
Parenteral
Tropical
Parenteral Route
Intravenous( fastest delivery into the blood circulation)( I.V.)
Intramuscular ( I.M.) ( into skeletal muscle)
Subcutaneous (S.C.) ( into subcutaneous tissue)
Intradermal ( I.D.) ( into skin)
Intraarterial ( I.A.) ( into arteries)
Intrathecal ( I.T) ( cerebrospinal fluids)
Intraarticular ( Synovial Fluids)
Intraperitoneal ( I.P.) ( peritoneal cavity)
Topical Route
Skin Eyes Ears Nose Lungs (inhalation) Rectum Vagina
Distribution
The transport of a drug by the bloodstream to its site of action.
Protein- binding
Water- soluble vs. fat- soluble
Blood - brain barrier
Areas of rapid distribution: heart, liver, kidneys, brain
Areas of slow distribution: muscle, skin, fat
Metabolism- Biotransformation
The biochemical altercation of drug into an inactive metabolite, more potent active metabolite, or a less active metabolite. Liver (main organ) Skeletal Muscle Kidneys Lungs Plasma Intestinal Mucosa
Factors that decrease Metabolism
Cardiovascular Dysfunction Renal Insufficiency Starvation Obstructive Jaundice Slow acetylator Ketoconazole Therapy
Factors that increase Metabolism
Fast Acetylator
Barbiturate Therapy
Rifampin Therapy
Phenytoin Therapy
Excretion
The elimination of drugs from the body. Kidneys Liver Bowel -Biliary excretion - Enterohepatic recirculation
Half- life
The time it takes for one half of the original amount of a drug to be removed from the body.
A measure of the rate at which a drug is removed from the body.
Most drugs considered to be effectively removed after about five half- lives.
Steady State
Drug Actions
The cellular processes involved in the drug and cell interaction.
