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UMU DPT Neuro > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 4 main components of a neuron?

A
  1. Soma
  2. Dendrite
  3. Axon
  4. Presynaptic Terminal
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2
Q

What organelles are associated with a neuron?

A
  1. Nucleus
  2. Golgi Body
  3. Lysosomes
  4. Mitochondria
  5. Endoplasmic Reticulum
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3
Q

What organelles are restricted to the soma of the neuron?

A

Nucleus, Golgi apparatus, and rough endoplasmic reticulum

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4
Q

Function of the soma?

A

Synthesizes a large quantity and variety of proteins used as neurotransmitters.

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5
Q

Function of an axon?

A

Output unit of the cell, specialized to send information to other neurons, muscle cells, or glands.

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6
Q

What is the function of the dendrites?

A

Branchlike extensions that serve as the main input sites for the cell.

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7
Q

What is the function of the presynaptic terminals?

A

Transmit elements of the neuron.

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8
Q

How do neurons transmit signals to other neurons?

A

Neurons transmit information about their activity via neurotransmitters from the presynaptic terminals into the synaptic cleft.

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9
Q

What is axoplasmic transport? And what are the 2 directions it travels in?

A

Axoplasmic transport is the mechanism for transporting substances along an axon. Occurs in two directions, anterograde and retrograde.

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10
Q

Compare anterograde to retrograde.

A

Anterograde: from the soma toward the presynaptic terminal
Retrograde: from the synapse back to the soma

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11
Q

Define bipolar cells and give an example.

A

Bipolar cells are classified based on the number of processes that directly arise from the cell body. There are 2 primary processes:
1. Dendritic root
2. Axon
Examples: Retinal bipolar cells in the eye.

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12
Q

Define multipolar cells and give an example.

A

Multipolar cells have multiple dendrites arising from many regions of the cell body and a SINGLE axon.
Example: spinal motor neuron, which projects from the spinal cord to innervate skeletal muscle fibers

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13
Q

Define pseudounipolar cells.

A

These are a subclass of bipolar cells. Appear to have a single projection from the cell body that divides into two axonal roots. They have two axons and no true dendrites.

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14
Q

Name the 4 types of membrane channels that allow ions to flow across the membrane.

A
  1. Leak channels
  2. Modality-gated channels
  3. Ligand-gated channels
  4. Voltage-gated channels
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15
Q

Define leak channels.

A

Leak channels allow a diffusion of a small number of ions through the membrane at a slow, continuous rate.

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16
Q

Define modality gated channels.

A

Specific to sensory neurons, modality gated channels open in response to mechanical forces.

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17
Q

Define ligand gated channels.

A

Ligand-gated channels open in response to a neurotransmitter binding to the surface of a channel receptor on a postsynaptic cell membrane.

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18
Q

Define voltage gated channels.

A

Voltage-gated channels open in response to changes in the electrical potential across the cell membrane.

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19
Q

Define resting membrane potential.

A

Value of the electrical potential across the membrane when a neuron is not transmitting information

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20
Q

What two forces determine ion distribution across the plasma membrane

A
  1. Electrical Gradient

2. Concentration Gradient

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21
Q

What 3 things maintain electrochemical gradient in neurons and membrane resting potential?

A
  1. Negatively charged molecules trapped inside the neuron.
  2. Passive diffusion of ions through leak channels.
  3. Na+ / K+ Pump
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22
Q

How many K+ and Na+ ions are pumped into and out of the cell with each cycle?

A

2 K+ ions are pumped in.

3 Na+ ions are pumped out.

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23
Q

When a sudden, brief change occurs in membrane potential the membrane is said to be either ______ or _______.

A

Depolarized or hyperpolarized.

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24
Q

Define depolarization.

A

Membrane is depolarized when the potential becomes less negative than the resting potential.

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25
Define hyperpolarization.
Membrane is hyperpolarized when the potential becomes more negative than the resting potential
26
Compare depolarization and hyperpolarization when looking at the likelihood of a neuron to produce an action potential.
Depolarization increases the likelihood that the neuron will generate a transmittable electrical signal and is excitatory. Hyperpolarization decreases the neuron's ability to generate an electrical signal, and is inhibitory.
27
Define modulation.
Small changes in the membrane's electrical potential that alter the flow of ions across a cell membrane.
28
Compare the receiving sites of sensory and motor neurons. This is looking at where the conduction of information begins.
Sensory neurons: receiving sites are the sensory receptors | Motor and interneurons: receiving sites are on the postsynaptic membrane
29
Define local potential.
Initial change in membrane potential. | Spreads only a short distance along the membrane
30
Define action potential.
Change from local results in depolarization. | Brief, large depolarization in electrical potential that is repeatedly regenerated
31
What are the two categories of local potentials?
1. Receptor potentials. | 2. Synaptic potentials.
32
Peripheral receptors have _____ gated channels.
Modality (open in response to mechanical forces such as stretch, compression, thermal changes, etc.)
33
What are two ways that the strength of a local potential can be increased?
1. Temporal summation | 2. Spatial summation
34
Define temporal summation.
Combined effect of a series of small potential changes that occur within milliseconds of each other.
35
Define spatial summation.
Process by which either receptor or synaptic potentials generated in different regions of the neuron are added together
36
True of false. Action potentials all considered to be all or none.
True. Every time sufficient stimuli are provided, an action potential will be produced.
37
Name the sequence of three events that produce an action potential.
1. Rapid depolarization. (Voltage gated Na+ channels OPEN) 2. Decrease in NA+ conduction. (Channels CLOSE) 3. Rapid repolarization (Voltage gated K+ channels open)
38
True or false. Dr. Holt is the best neuro professor ever?
True. Definitely true.
39
Define refractory period as it relates to the production of an action potential.
Period of hyperpolarization during which the membrane potential is even more negative than during resting (difficult to initiate a subsequent action potential)
40
What are the two distinct states of the refractory period?
1. Absolute refractory period. | 2. Relative refractory period.
41
Define absolute refractory period.
Membrane is unresponsive to stimuli.
42
Define relative refractory period.
Membrane potential is returning to resting level and may be hyperpolarized
43
Some axons may be specialized for faster action potential progression because of two structural adaptations:
1. Increased diameter of the axon. | 2. Myelination
44
Define myelination and how it effects propagation of action potentials.
A sheath of proteins and fats surrounding an axon. Provides insulation, prevents current flow across the axonal membrane. Increases the speed of action potential propagation and the distance a current can passively spread. Thicker myelin leads to faster conduction.
45
Define Nodes of Ranvier.
Small patches of myelinated axons which lack myelin.Specialized for active propagation of an action potential by allowing ion flow across the membrane.
46
Define salutatory conduction.
Quick node-to-node jumping of action potential down a myelinated axon.
47
Define afferent neurons.
Carry sensory information from the outer body toward the central nervous system.
48
Define efferent neurons.
Relay commands from the central nervous system to smooth and striated muscles and to glands.
49
Define interneurons.
Act throughout the nervous system, processing information locally or conveying information short distances; largest class of neurons.
50
Compare divergence and convergence and how they contribute to the distribution of information throughout the nervous system.
Convergence: multiple inputs from a variety of cells terminate on a single neuron Divergence: single neuron with many branches that terminate on a multitude of cells
51
Define glial cells.
Cells which form a critical support network for neurons; glia also transmit information
52
What function do microglial cells serve in the CNS?
Microglia act as the CNS immune system
53
What are the three groups of Macroglial cells?
1. Astrocytes 2. Oligodendrocytes 3. Schwann Cells
54
What is the function of Astrocytes as it relates to CNS immunity?
Astrocytes act as scavengers, taking up extra K+ ions in the extracellular environment, removing chemical transmitters from the synaptic cleft between neurons, and cleaning up other debris in the extracellular space.
55
What is the role of Oligodendrocytes?
Myelinate neurons in the CNS.
56
What is the role of Schwann Cells?
Myelinate neurons in the PNS.
57
What are some of the beneficial effects of neuroinflammation?
Initiates intervention by microglia (clean up and removal of debris).
58
What are some of the harmful effects of Neuroinflammation?
Death of neurons and oligodendrocytes, inhibition of neural regeneration Correlation between abnormal glial activity and neural damage in stroke, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and multiple sclerosis.
59
What are some of the results of peripheral nervous system demyelination?
Results in disrupted proprioception (awareness of limb position) and weakness.
60
Explain the cause of Guillain-Barre Syndrome?
Involves acute inflammation and demyelination of peripheral sensory and motor fibers Occurs 2 to 3 weeks after a mild infection; in 2/3 of cases it is preceded by an intestinal infection that activates the immune system causing production of an antibody that mistakenly cross-reacts with the myelin sheath.
61
Explain the symptoms of Guillain-Barre Syndrome.
Patients may have difficulty with chewing, swallowing, speaking, and facial expressions; pain can be prominent. Patients most often report deep aching pain or hypersensitivity to touch Onset is rapid, but followed by plateau then gradual recovery; recovery is usually complete.
62
Explain the cause of Multiple Sclerosis?
Immune system produces antibodies that attack oligodendrocytes, producing plaques in the white matter of the CNS.
63
What are some of the signs and symptoms of Multiple Sclerosis?
Signs and symptoms: weakness, lack of coordination, impaired vision, double vision, impaired sensation, and slurred speech; disruption of memory and emotions also possible.
64
Define neural stem cells?
Immature and undifferentiated cells, precursors to both neurons and glial cells.

UMU DPT Neuro (2 decks)

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