Chapter 2

Question 1

How does the structure of water contribute to its unique properties?

Answer 1

Since Water is a polar molecule, it is able to form multiple hydrogen bonds, which account for many of waters special properties

Question 2

The attraction between a hydrogen Atom with a partial positive charge and another Atom with a partial negative charge

Answer 2

Hydrogen bond

Question 3

Attraction between molecules of the same substance

Answer 3

Cohesion

Question 4

Attraction between molecules of of different substances

Answer 4

Adhesion

Question 5

When a substance is dissolved, what kind of mixture is it?

Answer 5

Solvent

Question 6

How does waters polarity influence its properties as a solvent?

Answer 6

Waters polarity gives it the ability to dissolve both ionic compounds and other polar molecules

Question 7

Chemists devised a measuring system to indicate the concentration oh H+ ions in a solution called what?

Answer 7

pH scale

Question 8

A compound that produces hydroxide (OH-) ions in a solution is Called what

Answer 8

Base

Question 9

What is a compound that forms H+ ions in a solution

Answer 9

Acid

Question 10

What are weak acids or bases to prevent sharp, sudden changes in pH

Answer 10

Buffers

Question 11

The basic unit of matter

Answer 11

Atom

Question 12

Strong forces bind protons and neutrons to form the center of the atom

Answer 12

Nucleus

Question 13

The negatively charges particle

Answer 13

Electron

Question 14

The pure substance that consists entirely of one type of atom

Answer 14

Element

Question 15

Atoms of the same element that differ in the number of neutrons

Answer 15

Isotopes

Question 16

Substances formed chemically of two or more elements in definite proportions

Answer 16

Compound

Question 17

One of more electrons are transferred from one atom to another

Answer 17

Ionic bond

Question 18

Positively charged atoms

Answer 18

Ion

Question 19

Sharing electrons

Answer 19

Covalent bond

Question 20

Smallest unit of most compounds

Answer 20

Molecule

Question 21

A slight attraction can develop between the oppositely charges of nearby molecules

Answer 21

Vander wall forces

Question 22

The attraction between a hydrogen atom with a partial positive charge and another atom with a partial negative charge

Answer 22

Hydrogen bond

Question 23

Physically combined

Answer 23

Mixture

Question 24

Evenly distributed through the substance

Answer 24

Solution

Question 25

Non dissolved material

Answer 25

Suspensions

Question 26

The substance that is dissolved

Answer 26

Solute

Question 27

What are the two types of reactants?

Answer 27

One that releases energy (spontaneous) Ones that absorb energy (Not spontaneous)

Question 28

What are all enzymes considered?

Answer 28

Catalysts

Question 29

What is the effect of water being polar?

Answer 29

It can attract other water molecules

Question 30

What is stronger adhesion or cohesion?

Answer 30

Adhesion

Question 31

What is a radioactive isotope?

Answer 31

Ab isotope whose nuclear unstable and can break down at a constant rate

Question 32

What is it called on the pH scale when it's below 7?

Answer 32

Acid

Question 33

What is it called on the pH scale when it's above 7?

Answer 33

Base

Question 34

What is the job of the buffer?

Answer 34

To stop a large change in pH

Question 35

small units that are linked together to form polymers

Answer 35

monomer

Question 36

large compounds built by smaller ones (monomers) in a process called polymerization

Answer 36

polymer

Question 37

compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms at a ratio of 1:2:1. it is the main source of energy for living things. sometimes used for structural purposes

Answer 37

carbohydrate

Question 38

simple sugar molecule. includes galactose

Answer 38

monosaccharide

Question 39

made mostly of carbon and hydrogen atoms. can be used to store energy, and some are important parts of biological membranes and water proof coverings. not soluble in water. formed when glycerol molecule combines with fatty acid.

Answer 39

lipids

Question 40

macromolecules containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus. made up of nucleotides. store and transmit hereditary/ genetic info. 2 types: RNA and DNA

Answer 40

nucleic acid

Question 41

consist of three parts: a nitrogenous base, 5- carbon sugar, and a phosphate group (-PO4). joined by covalent bonds. important role in capturing and transferring chemical energy

Answer 41

nucleotides

Question 42

macromolecules that contain nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. polymers of amino acids. control the rate of reactions, regulate cell process, form important cellular structures, transport substances in and out of cells, help fight off disease

Answer 42

protein

Question 43

compounds with an amino group (-NH2) on one end and a carboxyl group (-COOH) on the other end. covalent bonds called peptide bonds link amino acids together to form a polypeptide

Answer 43

amino acids

Question 44

most abundant element in living things and has 4 valence electrons making it very versatile

Answer 44

carbon

Question 45

what are the molecules of life?

Answer 45

Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus, Sulfur

Question 46

giant molecules formed by polymerization

Answer 46

macromolecules/ polymers (same thing)

Question 47

what are the 4 major groups of macromolecules?

Answer 47

carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, proteins

Question 48

product of photosynthesis

Answer 48

glucose

Question 49

DNA stands for

Answer 49

deoxyribonucleic acid. made of deoxyribose sugar

Question 50

RNA stands for

Answer 50

ribonucleic acid. made of ribose sugar

Question 51

way to connect monomers

Answer 51

dehydration synthesis

Question 52

a raw protein that may not work yet, (immature, not ripe)

Answer 52

polypeptide

Question 53

functional molecule built from one or more polypeptides

Answer 53

protein

Question 54

All amino acids are identical in...?

Answer 54

in the areas that a peptide bond forms

Question 55

4 levels of structure

Answer 55

primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary. not functional until done all 4.

Question 56

Primary structure

Answer 56

the sequence of amino acids in the chain | ex; ribbon color

Question 57

secondary structure

Answer 57

coiling of the polypeptide chain | ex; curling ribbon with scissors

Question 58

tertiary structure

Answer 58

the complete 3D arrangement of chain | ex; folding to make ribbon fluffy

Question 59

quaternary structure

Answer 59

how separate chains are arranged with respect to each other (not finished until done) ex; put together/ intertwine ribbon colors together to finally make a bow

Question 60

if you use an enzyme in the reaction, you can call the reactant a

Answer 60

substrate

Question 61

what do enzymes do to chemical reactions that take place in cells?

Answer 61

speed them up

Question 62

what can affect the activity of enzymes?

Answer 62

temperature

Question 63

lowers activation energy

Answer 63

catalyst

Question 64

only catalyzes one reaction but going either way. its never used up and never changes unless temperature or pH changes

Answer 64

enzyme

Question 65

substrates and active sites work like a

Answer 65

lock and key

Question 66

to take apart the way it is

Answer 66

denature

Question 67

enzymes only work at

Answer 67

a specific temperature or specific pH level

Question 68

what is a compound that produces hydrogen ions in solution

Answer 68

acid

Question 69

what chemical compound can NaCl be described as?

Answer 69

non-organic

Question 70

what is the ratio of a carbohydrate molecule?

Answer 70

2:1 | ratio of hydrogen to oxygen

Question 71

what is the ratio of fats and oils?

Answer 71

much greater than 2:1 | ratio of hydrogen to oxygen

Question 72

what do all organic compounds include?

Answer 72

carbon

Question 73

most inorganic compounds do not contain what?

Answer 73

carbon; carbon dioxide is an exception

Question 74

during a chemical reaction what happens to chemical bonds?

Answer 74

they're changed or broken

Question 75

what are the two types of nucleic acids?

Answer 75

RNA | DNA

Question 76

what are amino acids linked by?

Answer 76

peptide bonds