Chapter 2 Flashcards by Riley Moskaluk

Q

What is an atom and an orbital?

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Q

What is a shell and an Ion?

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Q

What does an atom consist of? and how is atomic mass determined?

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Q

What are the differences between the following carbon isotopes: C¹²,C¹³,C¹⁴?

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Q

How is the periodic table organized?

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Q

How does the periodic table relate to shells and orbitals?

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Q

Define molecule, valence electrons and double bond.

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Q

How is a orbital reltated to a molecular orbital?

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Q

How are chemical bonds and covalent bonds related?

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Q

Why are valence electrons used to creat bonds between atoms?

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Q

When are molecules stable?

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Q

How do nonpolar and polar covalent bonds differ?

A

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Q

What does an ions electronegativity fit into the periodic table?

A

Gives them a neg charge

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Q

Why do polar molecules dissolve so well in water?

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Q

Why would sodium give an electron to chloride?

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Q

Why does salt dissolve in water?

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Q

What is a reactant and a product?

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Q

Do atoms change during a chemical reaction? What changes?

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Q

Name a chemical reaction taking palce in a cell.

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Q

What does aqueous mean?

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Q

What are: solvents, and hydrophilic and hydrophobic?

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Q

Why could life not exist without water?

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Q

What are hydrogen bonds?

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Q

What does a hydrogen atom need to make a hydrogen bond?

A

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Would H₂and H₂ hydrogen bond?

Would water and methane form hydrogen bonds? would water and ammonia?

Why does ice float and why is this relevant to life?

What is cohesion and why is this relevant for life\>

What is pH? and what is its range?

What is considered an acidic,neutral or basic pH?

What is physiological pH?

What are the 4 most abundant elements in a cell? (excluding water).

How many bonds can carbon make? and how does that relate to it's shell, orbital and number of valence electrons?

Can single and double bonds rotate? which bond is longer?

What does a single line between carbons mean?

What does an overlapping orbital mean?

Have many bonds can carbon, oxygen and hydrogen make?

What is an isomer?

What is the difference between a monomer and a polymer?

What defines a lipid?

(Fig. 2.17a) How many bonds can an alpha carbon make? What functional groups are attatched? What does the R stand for? How many R groups are there?

What is a peptide bond?

Where is water lost in the formation of a polypeptide bond?

What does DNA and RNA stand for?

Deoxyribonucleic acid andribonucleic acid

What is the differene between DNA and RNA? What is DNA's role in the central dogma?

What are the 3 Pyrimidine bases?

Cytosine, Thymine and Uracil (cut like pie)

What are the 2 purine bases?

Guanine and Adenine (Double ringed)

What is the difference between Pyrimidines and Purines?

What is a phosphodiester bond? Where is water lost in its formation?

Which pyrimidines and purines form base pairs together?

1) Adenine and Thyminine (A--T) 2) Guanine and Cytosine (G--C)

What is the ratio of C, H and O in carbohydrates?

Define monosaccharide, polysaccaride, and complex carbohydrate.

What is the functional group aldehyde? What is a ketone group?

What is aldose and Ketose?

Why are lipids hydrophobic?

What is a triacylglycerol? What is its job in the cell?

What is attatched to glycerol? what is the difference between saturated and unsaturated?

What has a stronger interaction? saturated or unsaturated fatty acids? Why type of interactions?

Why are steroids considered a lipid?

Why type of lipd(s) do you find in the plasma membrane?

(Fig 2.28) What was miller's hypothesis? and his prediction?

What gas was absent during the early earth?

What has been found on meteorites?

What was Urgel's hypothesis? What was the development in 2009?